write-thin-to-write-fast.scroll
Changed around line 117: Jets are great, but beware jet lag when traveling. Big screens are great, but be
- Has the frequency of this advice appearing gone up as screens got wider?
- Consider vertical languages like Japanese
+ # Reader Comments
+ - Anton writes to say he thinks the reason for narrow columns in newspapers is to maximize text density for large texts. He also points me to a great read on ventilated prose, "in my opinion, it aides editing on the computer even better, while keeping the lines short."
+ https://vanemden.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/ventilated-prose/ ventilated prose
+
som.scroll
Changed around line 120: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- Maciek pointed me to the highly relevant "holons" and "holarchies":
- - First draft posted 5/25/2025
+ - A tangental note from Anton makes me wonder if angular diameter would be a useful primitive to keep in mind.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_diameter angular diameter
- Another way to frame this idea could be an attempt to come up with a simple grammar to allow the techniques of finite element method/discrete element method to be more widely applied. FEM is "the mesh discretization of a continuous domain into a set of discrete sub-domains, usually called elements."
som.scroll
Changed around line 119: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- Maciek pointed me to the highly relevant "holons" and "holarchies":
- holyarchy.webp
+ holarchy.webp
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
- Another way to frame this idea could be an attempt to come up with a simple grammar to allow the techniques of finite element method/discrete element method to be more widely applied. FEM is "the mesh discretization of a continuous domain into a set of discrete sub-domains, usually called elements."
som.scroll
Changed around line 118: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
+ - Maciek pointed me to the highly relevant "holons" and "holarchies":
+ holyarchy.webp
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
- Another way to frame this idea could be an attempt to come up with a simple grammar to allow the techniques of finite element method/discrete element method to be more widely applied. FEM is "the mesh discretization of a continuous domain into a set of discrete sub-domains, usually called elements."
holarchy.webp
conformism.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-6-04
+ tags All Thinking
+ title Understanding Conformism
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ Every time I see a school of fish, I'm bewildered by the conformity. Every fish looks and swims the same.
+
+ Don't fish have a desire to be individuals? Where are all the contrarians?
+
+ Today I coded a little simoji simulation and surprised myself-even well meaning contrarians can cause a lot of damage!
+
+ ***
+
+ # The Simulation
+
+ In this very simple sim every fish swims to the edge of the screen.
+
+ If every fish conforms every fish makes it safe:
+
+ conformist.mp4
+ width 500
+ Explore in Simoji
+ center
+ https://simoji.scroll.pub/#simoji%0A%20%0A%20fishClass%0A%20%20width%2030%0A%20%20height%2030%0A%20%20speed%2010%0A%20%20onTick%0A%20%20%20move%0A%20%20angle%20West%0A%20%0A%20%F0%9F%90%A0%0A%20%20fishClass%0A%20%20onTick%20.05%0A%20%20%20turnRandomly%0A%20%0A%20%E2%9C%A8%0A%20%20width%2030%0A%20%20height%2030%0A%20%E2%98%A0%EF%B8%8F%0A%20%20width%2030%0A%20%20height%2030%0A%20%0A%20%F0%9F%90%9F%0A%20%20fishClass%0A%20%20onLeftEdge%0A%20%20%20replaceWith%20%E2%9C%A8%0A%20%20onTopEdge%0A%20%20%20replaceWith%20%E2%98%A0%EF%B8%8F%0A%20%20onRightEdge%0A%20%20%20replaceWith%20%E2%98%A0%EF%B8%8F%0A%20%20onBottomEdge%0A%20%20%20replaceWith%20%E2%98%A0%EF%B8%8F%0A%20%20onHit%0A%20%20%20%F0%9F%90%9F%0A%20%20%20%20turnRandomly%0A%20%20%20%F0%9F%90%A0%0A%20%20%20%20turnRandomly%0A%20%20%20%0A%20%0A%20%2F%2F%20insertAt%20%F0%9F%90%A0%20300%20100%0A%20insertCluster%20200%20%F0%9F%90%9F%20400%20100%0A%20
+ target _blank
+
+ However, if even a single fish gets curious and goes in a contrarian direction, all hell breaks loose:
+
+ contrarian.mp4
+ width 500
+ Explore in Simoji
+ center
+ https://simoji.scroll.pub/#simoji%0A%20%0A%20fishClass%0A%20%20width%2030%0A%20%20height%2030%0A%20%20speed%2010%0A%20%20onTick%0A%20%20%20move%0A%20%20angle%20West%0A%20%0A%20%F0%9F%90%A0%0A%20%20fishClass%0A%20%20onTick%20.05%0A%20%20%20turnRandomly%0A%20%0A%20%E2%9C%A8%0A%20%20width%2030%0A%20%20height%2030%0A%20%E2%98%A0%EF%B8%8F%0A%20%20width%2030%0A%20%20height%2030%0A%20%0A%20%F0%9F%90%9F%0A%20%20fishClass%0A%20%20onLeftEdge%0A%20%20%20replaceWith%20%E2%9C%A8%0A%20%20onTopEdge%0A%20%20%20replaceWith%20%E2%98%A0%EF%B8%8F%0A%20%20onRightEdge%0A%20%20%20replaceWith%20%E2%98%A0%EF%B8%8F%0A%20%20onBottomEdge%0A%20%20%20replaceWith%20%E2%98%A0%EF%B8%8F%0A%20%20onHit%0A%20%20%20%F0%9F%90%9F%0A%20%20%20%20turnRandomly%0A%20%20%20%F0%9F%90%A0%0A%20%20%20%20turnRandomly%0A%20%20%20%0A%20%0A%20insertAt%20%F0%9F%90%A0%20300%20100%0A%20insertCluster%20200%20%F0%9F%90%9F%20400%20100%0A%20
+ target _blank
+
+ # Takeaways
+
+ I have been a brash contrarian in my life. Perhaps too unsympathetic to those following the herd and/or attempting to guide the herd.
+
+ While I maintain that the payoffs in nature are extremely variable and warrant thorough exploration of ideaspace, I can see that perhaps I should strive to be a more _courtesous_ contrarian.
+
+ To not be contrarian excessively just to practice being contrarian, but to only be contrarian for a few rare ideas, and courteously from the edges.
+
+ To explore contrarian ideas while respecting the schools who have gotten us this far.
+
+ ****
+
+
+
conformist.mp4
contrarian.mp4
fish.simoji
Changed around line 1
+
+ fishClass
+ width 30
+ height 30
+ speed 10
+ onTick
+ move
+ angle West
+
+ 🐠
+ fishClass
+ onTick .2
+ turnRandomly
+
+ ✨
+ width 30
+ height 30
+ ☠️
+ width 30
+ height 30
+
+ 🐟
+ fishClass
+ onLeftEdge
+ replaceWith ✨
+ onTopEdge
+ replaceWith ☠️
+ onRightEdge
+ replaceWith ☠️
+ onBottomEdge
+ replaceWith ☠️
+ onHit
+ 🐟
+ turnRandomly
+ 🐠
+ turnRandomly
+
+
+
+ insertAt 🐠 400 100
+ insertCluster 50 🐟 400 100
+
+ atTime 20
+ insertCluster 50 🐟 1000 100
+ atTime 50
+ insertCluster 60 🐟 1000 100
+
mathematics.scroll
Changed around line 18: My gut says yes, my brain says maybe, and so I shall give it a go.
- I aim to explain the essential concepts of the Mathematics humans write on rectangular surfaces. In order words, I'm limiting my scope to talk about _2D written mathematics_ only. Even written math is out of scope, as I've already shown that in earlier work.
+ I aim to explain the essential concepts of the Mathematics humans write on rectangular surfaces. In other words, I'm limiting my scope to talk about _2D written mathematics_ only. Even math implented as computer programs (Mathematica, for example) is out of scope, as I've already examined thosein earlier work.
som.scroll
Changed around line 119: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
- - Another way to frame this idea could be Finite element method for everyone. FEM is "the mesh discretization of a continuous domain into a set of discrete sub-domains, usually called elements."
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_method Finite element method
+ - Another way to frame this idea could be an attempt to come up with a simple grammar to allow the techniques of finite element method/discrete element method to be more widely applied. FEM is "the mesh discretization of a continuous domain into a set of discrete sub-domains, usually called elements."
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_method finite element method
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_element_method discrete element method
som.scroll
Changed around line 119: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
+ - Another way to frame this idea could be Finite element method for everyone. FEM is "the mesh discretization of a continuous domain into a set of discrete sub-domains, usually called elements."
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_method Finite element method
som.scroll
Changed around line 114: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- - Bruce provided detailed feedback on all parts of the post, and pointed me to related topics like covering and tesselation and tiling.
+ - Bruce provided detailed feedback on all parts of the post, and pointed me to related topics like covering and tesselation and tiling. He pointed out the key question is where there is "_a thinking advantage_" to thinking in spheres.
som.scroll
Changed around line 96: It is extremely easy to build false models out of words, so switching to a well-
- - A reader points out the relevance of Leibniz' La Monadologie (1714). I had overlooked that work by Leibniz before. I now have read this translation. Extremely interesting.
+ - A reader points out the relevance of Leibniz' La Monadologie (1714). I had overlooked that work by Leibniz before. I now have read this translation. Extremely interesting. The same reader points out potential connection to Tim Morton's hyperobjects.
+ https://www.societyandspace.org/articles/hyperobjects-by-timothy-morton hyperobjects
som.scroll
Changed around line 113: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- - Bruce provided detailed feedback on all parts of the post, and pointed out related topics like covering and tesselation.
+ - Bruce provided detailed feedback on all parts of the post, and pointed me to related topics like covering and tesselation and tiling.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_tilings_in_hyperbolic_plane tiling
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 113: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- - Bruce provided detailed feedback on all parts of the post, and pointed out related topics like covering.
+ - Bruce provided detailed feedback on all parts of the post, and pointed out related topics like covering and tesselation.
+ https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/606668/what-are-the-conditions-for-a-polygon-to-be-tessellated tesselation
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 29: Time spheres would contain spheres of a concept at different times. Ie., humans
- I haven't yet been able to use only spheres to model electromagnetic fields accurately, but it feels doable.
+ I haven't yet been able to use only spheres to model electromagnetic fields accurately, but it feels doable.^newton
Changed around line 118: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
+ ^newton It also seems like what I'm talking about is reviving Newton's corpuscular theory of light.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpuscular_theory_of_light corpuscular theory of light
som.scroll
Changed around line 113: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- - Bruce provided detailed helpful feedback, and pointed out related topics like covering.
+ - Bruce provided detailed feedback on all parts of the post, and pointed out related topics like covering.
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 113: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
+ - Bruce provided detailed helpful feedback, and pointed out related topics like covering.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_space covering
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 36: I haven't yet been able to use only spheres to model electromagnetic fields accu
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model DOM
som.scroll
Changed around line 108: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- A reader suggests the reason for spheres is they are "the most efficient container". Their perspective is its not spheres all the way down, it's pattern recursion, and spheres are just "the most elegant expression of those patterns". I'm not sure about the deeper idea, but I love the line about container efficiency. That is a good exercise to do: given a bunch of naturally observed patterns, see which primitive shape has the best efficiency as a container. Spheres seem like they would minimize the surface area of the containers and you also don't need to worry about orientation (just position and size).
- - Stens points out the connections to BORO which is based on the principle of extension ("taking up space").
+ - Stens points out the connections to BORO, an ontological method "grounded in physical reality ", which is based on the principle of extension ("taking up space").
som.scroll
Changed around line 108: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- A reader suggests the reason for spheres is they are "the most efficient container". Their perspective is its not spheres all the way down, it's pattern recursion, and spheres are just "the most elegant expression of those patterns". I'm not sure about the deeper idea, but I love the line about container efficiency. That is a good exercise to do: given a bunch of naturally observed patterns, see which primitive shape has the best efficiency as a container. Spheres seem like they would minimize the surface area of the containers and you also don't need to worry about orientation (just position and size).
+ - Stens points out the connections to BORO which is based on the principle of extension ("taking up space").
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_(metaphysics) extension
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BORO BORO
+ https://www.reddit.com/r/semanticweb/comments/1kw33by/comment/munny9l/ points out
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 106: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- gwern points out the relevance of "epicycles/Fourier decomposition, Gaussian splatting". Playing with Gaussian splats in part encouraged me to try using spheres as the primitive. I particularly enjoyed this overview.
- - A reader suggests the reason for spheres is they are "the most efficient container". Their perspective is its not spheres all the way down, it's pattern recursion, and spheres are just "the most elegant expression of those patterns". I'm not sure about the deeper idea, but I love the line about container efficiency. That is a good exercise to do: given a bunch of naturally observed patterns, see which primitive shape has the best efficiency as a container.
+ - A reader suggests the reason for spheres is they are "the most efficient container". Their perspective is its not spheres all the way down, it's pattern recursion, and spheres are just "the most elegant expression of those patterns". I'm not sure about the deeper idea, but I love the line about container efficiency. That is a good exercise to do: given a bunch of naturally observed patterns, see which primitive shape has the best efficiency as a container. Spheres seem like they would minimize the surface area of the containers and you also don't need to worry about orientation (just position and size).
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 106: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- gwern points out the relevance of "epicycles/Fourier decomposition, Gaussian splatting". Playing with Gaussian splats in part encouraged me to try using spheres as the primitive. I particularly enjoyed this overview.
- - A reader suggests the reason for spheres is they are "the most efficient container". Their perspective is its not spheres all the way down, it's pattern recursion, and spheres are just "the most elegant expression of those patterns".
+ - A reader suggests the reason for spheres is they are "the most efficient container". Their perspective is its not spheres all the way down, it's pattern recursion, and spheres are just "the most elegant expression of those patterns". I'm not sure about the deeper idea, but I love the line about container efficiency. That is a good exercise to do: given a bunch of naturally observed patterns, see which primitive shape has the best efficiency as a container.
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 106: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- gwern points out the relevance of "epicycles/Fourier decomposition, Gaussian splatting". Playing with Gaussian splats in part encouraged me to try using spheres as the primitive. I particularly enjoyed this overview.
- - A reader suggests the reason for spheres is they are "the most efficient container". Their perspective is its not sphers all the way down, its pattern recursion, and spheres are just "the most elegant expression of those patterns".
+ - A reader suggests the reason for spheres is they are "the most efficient container". Their perspective is its not spheres all the way down, it's pattern recursion, and spheres are just "the most elegant expression of those patterns".
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 106: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- gwern points out the relevance of "epicycles/Fourier decomposition, Gaussian splatting". Playing with Gaussian splats in part encouraged me to try using spheres as the primitive. I particularly enjoyed this overview.
+ - A reader suggests the reason for spheres is they are "the most efficient container". Their perspective is its not sphers all the way down, its pattern recursion, and spheres are just "the most elegant expression of those patterns".
+ https://www.reddit.com/r/complexsystems/comments/1kvtkpp/comment/muhp6hk/ suggests
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 103: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
- - gwern points out the relevance of "epicycles/Fourier decomposition, Gaussian splatting". Playing with Gaussian splats in part encouraged me to try using spheres as the primitive.
+ - gwern points out the relevance of "epicycles/Fourier decomposition, Gaussian splatting". Playing with Gaussian splats in part encouraged me to try using spheres as the primitive. I particularly enjoyed this overview.
+ https://nianticlabs.com/news/splats-change-everything overview
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 103: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
+ - gwern points out the relevance of "epicycles/Fourier decomposition, Gaussian splatting". Playing with Gaussian splats in part encouraged me to try using spheres as the primitive.
+ https://www.reddit.com/r/LessWrong/comments/1kvu02g/comment/mufaxe5/ gwern
- First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 103: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
-
- # Notes
-
+ - First draft posted 5/25/2025
-
- - First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 95: It is extremely easy to build false models out of words, so switching to a well-
+ - A reader points out the relevance of Leibniz' La Monadologie (1714). I had overlooked that work by Leibniz before. I now have read this translation. Extremely interesting.
+ https://www.reddit.com/r/semanticweb/comments/1kw33by/comment/muh7lb1/ points out
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monadology La Monadologie
+ https://www.plato-philosophy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/The-Monadology-1714-by-Gottfried-Wilhelm-LEIBNIZ-1646-1716.pdf translation
+ // Monads are where perception happens.
+ // Each monad has a little bit of perception.
+ // These monads do not go away. Death is like spinning around really fast, and all your perceptions become disconnected
+ // "And as the same town, looked at from various sides, appears quite different and becomes as it were numerous in aspects [perspectivement]; even so, as a result of the infinite number of simple substances, it is as if there were so many different universes, which, nevertheless are nothing but aspects [perspectives] of a single universe, according to the special point of view of each Monad."
+
som.scroll
Changed around line 62: Nailing the semantic details would be essential, but I think the standard langua
- Existing languages are generally domain specific (like in chemistry) or focused on representing the visuals of scenes, for film or video games, and not on the causal relationships between objects that this would be. The Spherical Object Model would be a domain-agnostic, general purpose language containing the spherical primitives that can model all the causal patterns in our universe.
+ Existing 3D languages are generally domain specific (like in chemistry) or focused on representing the visuals of scenes, for film or video games, and not on the causal relationships between objects that this would be. The Spherical Object Model would be a domain-agnostic, general purpose language containing the spherical primitives that can model all the causal patterns in our universe.
som.scroll
Changed around line 99: What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or a
+
+ - First draft posted 5/25/2025
som.scroll
Changed around line 90: It is extremely easy to build false models out of words, so switching to a well-
+ # Reader Comments
+
+ What do you think? Send feedback you'd like me to post to breck7@gmail.com, or add your comment by editing the source to this post.
+ https://breckyunits.com/edit.html?fileName=som.scroll editing the source
+
som.scroll
Changed around line 13: Imagine a language where the only primitive is the *sphere*. Everything is compo
- Is this even possible? So far it seems to me it might be, if you get the "Grammar of Spheres" correct.
+ ? Is this even possible?
- All spheres have a diameter. If you use Planck Lengths, base 2, you can use ~206 bits for the size property to cover every sphere up to the sphere of the observable universe.
+ So far it seems to me it might be, if you get the "Grammar of Spheres" correct.
- Recursion is essential.
+ All spheres have a diameter. If you use Planck Lengths, base 2, you can use ~206 bits for the size property to cover every sphere up to the sphere of the observable universe.
- A line sphere is a sphere containing two unit spheres, with a recursive line sphere in between.
+ Recursion is essential. A line sphere is a sphere containing two unit spheres, with a recursive line sphere in between.
Changed around line 33: I haven't yet been able to use only spheres to model electromagnetic fields accu
- What would the source code for a Spherical Object Model look like?
+ ? What would the source code for a Spherical Object Model look like?
Changed around line 60: Nailing the semantic details would be essential, but I think the standard langua
- What about the dozens of existing 3D languages? Existing languages are generally domain specific (like in chemistry) or focused on representing the visuals of scenes, for film or video games, and not on the causal relationships between objects that this would be. The Spherical Object Model would be a domain-agnostic, general purpose language containing the spherical primitives that can model all the causal patterns in our universe.
+ ? What about the dozens of existing 3D languages^langs?
+
+ Existing languages are generally domain specific (like in chemistry) or focused on representing the visuals of scenes, for film or video games, and not on the causal relationships between objects that this would be. The Spherical Object Model would be a domain-agnostic, general purpose language containing the spherical primitives that can model all the causal patterns in our universe.
- Why not other primitives like cubes? You can make other primitives out of spheres, but it seems the sphere is all you need. As the bit is the primitive in one dimension, the sphere seems to be the primitive in 3 dimensions. Dimensionless quantities like points don't seem to be a good primitive-for a thing to exist it must take up at least some space.
+ ? Why only one primitive?
+
+ In my mind's eye I can instantly, and in parallel, draw spheres around the boundaries of all objects I see. It seems I can visualize hundreds, if not thousands or more, spheres at once. This parallelization capability goes away if I were to add even one more shape, such as the cube. I then need to consciously decide whether each object should be surrounded by a sphere or a cube, and it becomes more of a sequential process. It seems a single primitive allows for a massive parallelization speedup.
+
+ ? Of the various primitives, why the sphere, as opposed to the cube?
+
+ I think the sphere is the obvious choice, since it is easy to construct other primitives out of them, and in my experience spheres are far more common in nature than other 3D shapes.
+
+ ? Why not point clouds?
+
+ As far as I can figure, everything in this world needs to take up space. Spheres are points that take up space. As the bit is the primitive in one dimension, the sphere seems to be the primitive in 3 dimensions.
- Why would we want this?
+ ? Why would we want this?
Changed around line 89: It might take longer, at first, to build up a shared 4D encyclopedia, but the _p
+
+ # Notes
+
+ ^langs The list of 3D languages I've studied to date.
+ https://pldb.io/lists/explorer.html#searchBuilder=%7B%22criteria%22%3A%5B%7B%22condition%22%3A%22contains%22%2C%22data%22%3A%22tags%22%2C%22origData%22%3A%22tags%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22string%22%2C%22value%22%3A%5B%223d%22%5D%7D%5D%2C%22logic%22%3A%22AND%22%7D The list of 3D languages
som.scroll
Changed around line 17: Is this even possible? So far it seems to me it might be, if you get the "Gramma
- Recursion is essential. A line sphere is a sphere containing two unit spheres, with a recursive line sphere in between.
+ Recursion is essential.
+
+ A line sphere is a sphere containing two unit spheres, with a recursive line sphere in between.
som.scroll
Changed around line 75: It might take longer, at first, to build up a shared 4D encyclopedia, but the _p
-
-
som.mp4
som.gif
som.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-5-25
+ tags All Thinking Ford
+ title The Spherical Object Model
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ som.gif
+ caption A language where all concepts are defined out of spheres with radii that accurately contain instances of the concept. In the simple prototype above, spheres are hyperlinked and clicking on one loads and zooms in on its contents.
+
+ endSnippet
+
+ Imagine a language where the only primitive is the *sphere*. Everything is composed of spheres. Spheres contain spheres and can be recursive. It's spheres all the way down.
+
+ ***
+
+ Is this even possible? So far it seems to me it might be, if you get the "Grammar of Spheres" correct.
+
+ All spheres have a diameter. If you use Planck Lengths, base 2, you can use ~206 bits for the size property to cover every sphere up to the sphere of the observable universe.
+
+ Recursion is essential. A line sphere is a sphere containing two unit spheres, with a recursive line sphere in between.
+
+ Spin might be key (though it may be better to represent spin via an internal "spin state" sphere). A NAND gate could be 2 input spheres with a spin which touch an output sphere that only changes spin if both input spheres are going in the right direction. Numeral base systems could be represented with spin or internal state spheres.
+
+ Spheres would abut input and output spheres. A human sphere would have input sphere for oxygen, food, water, etc, and output spheres for carbon dioxide, waste, and so on.
+
+ Time spheres would contain spheres of a concept at different times. Ie., humans would have an embryo, infant, toddler, and adult sphere, among others.
+
+ Even ideas would be represented as spheres. Ideas would be spheres inside neuron spheres, perhaps.
+
+ I haven't yet been able to use only spheres to model electromagnetic fields accurately, but it feels doable.
+
+ ***
+
+ What would the source code for a Spherical Object Model look like?
+
+ It would be very similar to the DOM, with spheres instead of rectangular divs as the primitive.
+
+ The code for the water molecule above looks like:
+ code
+ waterMoleculeSphere
+ oxygenSphere
+ radius 1.5
+ x 0
+ y 0
+ z 0
+ leftHydrogenSphere
+ radius 1
+ x 1.5
+ y 1.5
+ z 0
+ rightHydrogenSphere
+ radius 1
+ x -1.5
+ y 1.5
+ z 0
+
+ Nailing the semantic details would be essential, but I think the standard language wouldn't look more complex than that.
+
+ ***
+
+ What about the dozens of existing 3D languages? Existing languages are generally domain specific (like in chemistry) or focused on representing the visuals of scenes, for film or video games, and not on the causal relationships between objects that this would be. The Spherical Object Model would be a domain-agnostic, general purpose language containing the spherical primitives that can model all the causal patterns in our universe.
+
+ ***
+
+ Why not other primitives like cubes? You can make other primitives out of spheres, but it seems the sphere is all you need. As the bit is the primitive in one dimension, the sphere seems to be the primitive in 3 dimensions. Dimensionless quantities like points don't seem to be a good primitive-for a thing to exist it must take up at least some space.
+
+ ***
+
+ Why would we want this?
+
+ A universal spherical language would be _grounded to reality_ in a way that no other language is. We could sort all concepts across all domains by their size and/or frequency in the real world.
+
+ It might take longer, at first, to build up a shared 4D encyclopedia, but the _physical constraints from the 4D laws of nature_ would force it to contain a truth that can't be matched by lower dimensional languages. Just as a Mercator projection contains unavoidable bias, so does a flat encyclopedia relative to a spherical one.
+
+ It is extremely easy to build false models out of words, so switching to a well-designed sphere based language might be a radically better way to create and communicate true models.
+
+ ****
+
+
infosphere.scroll
Changed around line 53: It orders that new symbols be frozen for over 100 years.
- Ideas work best continually refined. Freezing is non-nonsensical.
+ Ideas work best continually refined. Freezing ideas is nonsensical.
Changed around line 101: Sadly people are not allowed to filter the junk for others and so each one must
- Significant time wasting, for one. When one man's time is wasted, everyone is worse off.
+ Significant time wasted, for one. When one man's time is wasted, everyone is worse off.
- We saw in 2020 people worldwide held prisoner in their homes, ordered to cover their faces, and receiving forced injections, all uninformed orders made possible by a toxic infosphere.
+ We saw in 2020 people worldwide held prisoner in their homes, ordered to cover their faces, getting forced injections, all uninformed orders made possible by a toxic infosphere.
intelligence.scroll
Changed around line 43: If they have the same coverage, the smaller program is more intelligent.
- ICS is a way to measure what Wikipedians call Explanatory Power.
+ - ICS is a way to measure what Wikipedians call Explanatory Power.
+ - Karl Pearson said the same thing:
+
+ > The object of science is to describe in the fewest words the widest range of phenomena.
+ Karl Pearson, The Grammar of Science, pg 339 (1892)
+ right
+
3d.scroll
Changed around line 1
- tags All Thinking
+ tags All Thinking Ford
Changed around line 48: For now I still strongly lean in favor of spacetime being real but at least I'm
+ printRelated Ford
+
ford.scroll
Changed around line 1
- tags All Thinking Writing Scroll
+ tags All Thinking Writing Scroll Ford
Changed around line 55: Perhaps the true number is far smaller.
+
+ printRelated Ford
+
fordDream.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-5-15
+ tags All Thinking Ford
+ title Dreaming of a 4D Wikipedia
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ I just got back from the future where they had the most incredible device.
+
+ endSnippet
+
+ It was a large black tabletop that generated animated 3D holographic projections above it.
+
+ I interacted with it via voice. "Show me an apple", I said, and a floating red apple appeared.
+
+ Then I turned a knob left and the apple turned green and shrank and rose in the air and down came a branch and now the two were attached.
+
+ Then I turned the knob right and the apple went back to red and I kept turning and it turned brown and shrivelled and died.
+
+ I turned it back and then pinched my hands to zoom in and soon I could see cells and then I tapped on a cell with my finger and it zoomed in and I could see the organelles and I tapped further still until I was looking at the electrons and protons in the atoms of a strand of DNA of this appley apparition.
+
+ I then spread my hands and zoomed back out and got back to the branch and tapped it and now was looking at an apple tree and I turned the knob left and watched the tree fold all the way into a seed.
+
+ I had been so preoccupied looking at the center of the table that I had failed to notice a holographic human appearing to observe the seed.
+
+ I tapped the human and then the whole scene moved and he was now in the center.
+
+ I turned the knob left and watched as he shrunk down to a boy then a toddler than a fetus and embryo, the machine autozooming in as his size became microscopic. I turned back to the adult man.
+
+ I then said "Show me the man eating an apple pie", and watched as a holographic apple pie appeared and the man used a fork to lift a piece to his mouth and then the simulated camera equipped with floodlights entered his mouth and we could see his teeth chomping the pie to bits and then the camera followed the crumbs down the esophagus and into his stomach and we could see acid breaking down the crumbs and transporting food molecules to the liver and the molecules entering the cells and then the mitochondria and then I finally said "PAUSE".
+
+ And then, "show me the apple pie being made from scratch".
+
+ And then I watched in awe as the scene rewound to the pie and then showed it coming out of an oven and then split into many scenes some showing the apples being gathered and others showing the oven being assembled and then others showing men sailing across the seas in wooden ships and then others showing tiny saplings spreading across the forest floor and then others showing clumps of cells joining together and then others showing cells eating mitochondria and then others showing asteroids pelting the earth and then fields of cosmic dust and then a beautiful bright flash.
+
+ ****
+
+ printRelated Ford
+
test.scroll
hits.scroll
Changed around line 17: hits.png
+ scale 1
nanoideas.scroll
Changed around line 14: The smallest improvements, compounded, have the biggest impact.
-
+ // things that have positive impact (implied by improvements)
+ // impact here implies _positive_ impact
tree-notation-annual-report-2019.scroll
Changed around line 7: singleHeader.scroll
- In 2017 I wrote a post about a half-baked idea I named Particles.
+ In 2017 I wrote a post about a half-baked idea I named Tree Notation.
- https://treenotation.org Particles
+ https://treenotation.org Tree Notation
test.scroll
3d.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-5-06
+ tags All Thinking
+ title Does 3D exist?
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ I just watched a great presentation from Jon Barron (of NeRF fame).
+ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFlF33JZbA0 presentation
+
+ Deep neural networks can now generate video nearly indistinguishable from "real" world video and/or video generated from 3D engines.
+
+ Does this provide evidence that the 3D/4D world doesn't actually exist?
+
+ ***
+
+ What is at the root of our conscious experience?
+
+ I can see at least 2 possible topological orderings:
+
+ codeWithHeader 1. 4D is real
+ 4dSpaceTime
+ mind
+ 4dSpaceTimeModel
+
+ or
+
+ codeWithHeader 2. 4D is only a mental construct
+ generator
+ mind
+ 4dSpaceTimeModel
+
+ In the latter you are observing not a real 4D world but the generative output of some kind of network.
+
+ In (1) you have a 4d universe and light rays bounce around and hit observers who form a model of that 4d world; in (2) you don't actually have light rays or spacetime, you just generate signals to the observer's inputs and somehow we came up with the spacetime model.
+
+ When you turn your head, are you seeing new light rays or is the generator giving you simulated values?
+
+ ***
+
+ These ideas are so far upstream they are probably unanswerable, so why think about it?
+ upstream-of-everything.html upstream
+
+ Well, I came across this talk while working on a new language for the 4D world.
+
+ If the 4D world is actually "fake", and the world is neural network generated, then that might be a waste of time.
+
+ For now I still strongly lean in favor of spacetime being real but at least I'm aware of another possibility.
+
+ ****
+
hits.scroll
Changed around line 8: printDate
+ scene.parsers
+
nanoideas.scroll
Changed around line 10: The smallest improvements, compounded, have the biggest impact.
- scene improvement that compounds
+ scene compounds
+ scale free?
+ // a pattern that begets more patterns
+ observers
+
+ 1m
+ observers
+ eyes
+ surfaces
+ numbers
+ measurements
+ longitudinal
+ line
+ coordinates
+ projections
+ chart
hits.scroll
Changed around line 14: hits.png
+ scene leibniz; 1600's; 01's; writing
+ scene lovelace; 1800's; babbage; computation engine
+ scene darwin; galapolos; natural selection; 1800s
+ scene marconi; wireless; telegraph; italy; late 1800s
+ scene einstein; annus mirabilus;
+ scene watson & crick; rosa xstallograpy; 3d models; helix;
+ scene tbl; cern; information sharing; next
+ scene linus; kernel dev; scm; without porcelain
+ scene perspective
+ scene relative importance
+ scene writer
+ scene reader
+ scene mothers
+ scene fathers
+ scene procreation
+ scene thought
+ scene people
+ scene friends
+ scene family
+ scene teachers; etc
+ scene thoughts
+ scene impact of thoughts
+ scene power law distributions
+ scene distribution of distributions
+ scene expected value
+ scene relative ev
+ scene top
+ scene leverage
+ scene roi
+ scene rankings
+ scene top is HITs
+ scene professional life
+ scene personal life
+ scene thought
+ scene focus
+ scene field of thoughts; distribution of impact of thoughts
+ scene notebook; full notebook
+ scene years
+ scene thought
+ scene unknown impact
+ scene surveying
+ scene notebooks
+ scene thoughts per day
+ scene potential HITs
+ scene smallest thought; largest thought; impact?
+ scene prediction of impact
+ scene inaccurate predictions
+ scene acting on thought
+ scene OOMs
+ scene prediction vs actual
+ scene confidence level prediction
+ scene observed result
+ scene mistaken confidence
+ scene analogy
+ scene leaf
+ scene low impact
+ scene low predicted value
+ scene fast to execute
+ scene decades
+ scene high impact
+ scene predicted big impact
+ scene low initial impact
+ scene compounding
+ scene tweaking
+ scene timing
+ scene boom bip
+ scene one million hours
+ scene less than time comparison
+ scene measuring thought impact in terms of hours
+ scene ~1 hour
+ scene ~100k hours
+ scene scale is 6 OOM
+ scene impact of thought on:
+ scene family. friends. communities.
+ scene bigger than personal impact.
+ scene recursion
+ scene hits about hits
+ scene comparing topics of thoughts
+ scene thoughts about thoughts
+ scene factorial
+ scene essay
+ scene true/false
+ scene relative impact of written essays
+ scene relative impact of reading
+ scene HIT!
+ scene prediction problem
+ scene years to develop
+ scene current version
+ scene tweaked version
+ scene changing impact of versions
+ scene git
+ scene blog
+ scene public git
+ scene essay
+ scene evolution of essay
+ scene change
+ scene phases
+ scene phase changes
+ scene tweak causing phase change
+ scene to seek HITS! vs other thoughts
+ scene spending all day on HITS!
+ scene time on !HITs?
+ scene list
+ scene payoff point
+ scene action reveals truths and key details predictions don't
+ scene raw materials of HITs! -> like food for mitochondria. experience are raw ingredients for identifying patterns
+ scene experience is gathering raw materials for patterns
+ scene reflection for pattern finding
+ scene overdoing reflection squeezing rocks
+ scene input requirements for hit generation
+ scene breathe
+ scene eat
+ scene drink
+ scene sleep
+ scene exercise
+ scene socialization
+ scene machinery of body
+ scene broken machinery
+ scene hit generation requires working machinery
+ scene randomness
+ scene hit seeking
+ scene 100b humans
+ scene 8b living
+ scene chance
+ scene your generation vs whole world; role of chance
+ scene humor
+ scene life (for the organism) is so far seems 100% fatal
+ scene the most important idea might be not to look for ideas
+ scene hits good
+ scene don't over do it
+ scene balance
+ scene strategy vs tactics
+ scene active hit seeking
+ scene 2-4 hours
+ scene walks in woods
+ scene meals
+ scene yoga
+ scene naps
+ scene showers
+ scene sitting
+ scene llms
+ scene drawing
+ scene beach with kids
+ scene experiments
+ scene things that look like work
+ scene things that don't look like work
+ scene impactful things
+ scene question asking
+ scene detail drilling
+ scene downplay words
+ scene minds eye
+ scene mental rotations
+ scene see them
+ scene write them down
+ scene need to do more
+ scene act
+ scene early mistakes
+ scene payoff point
+ scene open slot
+ scene any time
+ scene serendipity
+ scene lottery
+ scene empty queue
+ scene plan to keep thinking
+ scene positive energy pep talk
nanoideas.scroll
Changed around line 8: scene.parsers
- scene
- low level improvement
- scene
- high level improvement
- scene
- improvement that compounds
- scene
- impact
- scene
- small impact
- scene
- big impact
+ scene low level improvement
+ scene high level improvement
+ scene improvement that compounds
+ scene impact
+ scene small impact
+ scene big impact
- scene
- cell
- scene
- nucleus
- scene
- mitosis
- scene
- proto-mitochondria
- scene
- symbiosis
- scene
- 2 billion years
- scene
- evolution
- scene
- humanless world
+ scene cell
+ scene nucleus
+ scene mitosis
+ scene proto-mitochondria
+ scene symbiosis
+ scene 2 billion years
+ scene evolution
+ scene humanless world
- scene
- transistor
- scene
- world
- scene
- changes to ibid 1975-1925
+ scene transistor
+ scene world
+ scene changes to ibid 1975-1925
- scene
- coinage
+ scene coinage
- scene
- advice
- scene
- idea searching
- scene
- big ideas
- scene
- nanoideas
+ scene advice
+ scene idea searching
+ scene big ideas
+ scene nanoideas
Changed around line 49: To find better nanoideas as yourself questions like:
- Does this idea compound? How?
- How fast will this idea compound?
- scene
- advice
- scene
- dividing
- scene
- compounding?
- scene
- comparing compound rates
+ scene advice
+ scene dividing
+ scene compounding?
+ scene comparing compound rates
- scene
- list ideas
- scene
- compare
- scene
- diligence
+ scene list ideas
+ scene compare
+ scene diligence
- scene
- viruses
- scene
- nanoidea tag
+ scene viruses
+ scene nanoidea tag
- scene
- physics examples
+ scene physics examples
- scene
- commandments
- scene
- nanonidea tagging
+ scene commandments
+ scene nanonidea tagging
- scene
- desire for big ideas
- scene
- nanoidea method
- scene
- macro method
- scene
- comparison of methods
+ scene desire for big ideas
+ scene nanoidea method
+ scene macro method
+ scene comparison of methods
nanoideas.scroll
Changed around line 4: title Nanoideas
+ scene.parsers
+
+ // lowest level
+ scene
+ low level improvement
+ scene
+ high level improvement
+ scene
+ improvement that compounds
+ scene
+ impact
+ scene
+ small impact
+ scene
+ big impact
-
+ scene
+ cell
+ scene
+ nucleus
+ scene
+ mitosis
+ scene
+ proto-mitochondria
+ scene
+ symbiosis
+ scene
+ 2 billion years
+ scene
+ evolution
+ scene
+ humanless world
+ // world without symbiosis
+
+ scene
+ transistor
+ scene
+ world
+ scene
+ changes to ibid 1975-1925
+ scene
+ coinage
+ scene
+ advice
+ scene
+ idea searching
+ scene
+ big ideas
+ scene
+ nanoideas
Changed around line 70: To find better nanoideas as yourself questions like:
- Is there a version of this idea that's even smaller?
- Does this idea compound? How?
- How fast will this idea compound?
-
+ //
+ scene
+ advice
+ scene
+ dividing
+ scene
+ compounding?
+ scene
+ comparing compound rates
+
+ scene
+ list ideas
+ scene
+ compare
+ scene
+ diligence
+ scene
+ viruses
+ scene
+ nanoidea tag
+ scene
+ physics examples
+ scene
+ commandments
+ scene
+ nanonidea tagging
+ scene
+ desire for big ideas
+ scene
+ nanoidea method
+ scene
+ macro method
+ scene
+ comparison of methods
scene.parsers
Changed around line 1
+ sceneCommentParser
+ extends slashCommentParser
+ cue scene
elbakian-interview.scroll
Changed around line 6: title Goblin Interviews Alexandra Elbakian
- thinColumns 4
+ container 500px
how-james-park-built-fitbit.scroll
Changed around line 5: title How James Park built FitBit
+
how-james-park-built-fitbit.scroll
Changed around line 5: title How James Park built FitBit
- thinColumns 4
+ container 500px
bipolarModel.scroll
Changed around line 45: Mitochondrial populations change much more gradually than substance levels in th
- I believe eventually the phrase "bipolar disorder" will be retired, as it is a false label. I propose "hypermito" - for the state of having too much mitochondria; and "hypomito" - for the state of having too little.
+ I believe eventually the phrase "bipolar disorder" will be retired, as it is a false label. I propose "hypermito" - for the state of having too much mitochondria; and "hypomito" - for the state of having too little. (Actually, "mitohigh" and "mitolow" sound even better.)
theEasiestJob.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-28 2
+ tags All IntellectualFreedom Society
+ title Information is the Easiest Job
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ People were surprised that AI has turned out to make information workers obsolete before laborers, but I'm not.
+
+ Information is the easiest job.
+
+ ***
+
+ I laugh at the obliviousness of the photographer who snaps a photo of the Golden Gate Bridge and demands copyrights and royalties, as if that task was harder than the years of labor by thousands building it (some of whom lost their lives).
+
+ Information is the easiest job.
+
+ Who worked harder, the men that spent years leveling a path through the forest and mountains to build a road, or the guy who makes an SVG representation of the road for a digital map?
+
+ Information is the easiest job.
+
+ I enjoy thinking about information. I like to write. I like to find new ideas and digest them and rotate them and tear them apart and put them back together.
+
+ But not for a moment do I think information jobs are harder than the physical labor jobs I did in the past, or that others are doing all around me.
+
+ That's why I put out all of my work to the public domain. I wouldn't dare throw a "copyright" sign on my work, or a "license", and pretend like my job is so special that I deserve to restrict the freedoms of others.
+
+ The janitor does not demand royalties when I walk into a clean room; the plumber does not demand royalties when I flush the toilet; the electrician does not demand royalties when I turn on a switch; the furniture maker does not demand royalties when I sleep on a bed; the shoemaker does not demand royalties when I go for a walk.
+
+ Why on earth should I demand royalties when someone uses my outputs?
+
+ Especially since information is the easiest job.
+
+ ***
+
+ I do want to get paid to produce solid information. I sell things of various sorts. I find information work that needs to be done and deliver. I push myself to always be improving my skills so I can make the best information I can.
+
+ But I don't expect the absurd salaries of the old days.
+
+ ***
+
+ Why have information workers been paid so much, relative to other professions?
+
+ Corruption.
+
+ The people who make the laws (lawyers) are information workers, and so unsurprisingly they made unnatural laws to benefit themselves.
+
+ They made information jobs far harder than they should be. Instead of encouraging collaboration they encouraged silo'd work and unnatural monopolies.
+
+ The people who inform the public (medias) are also information workers, and so unsurprisingly they misled the public not to oppose these laws.
+
+ But now AI has come along, and has ignored these unnatural laws (and just trained on everything, ignoring the information laws us humans are shackled with), and shown what a farce these high salaries for the easiest jobs have been.
+
+ ***
+
+ My advice to information workers is this: keep in mind that information is the easiest job.
+
+ If your job is information, do it to the best of your ability, like you would want anyone else to do their job.
+
+ Don't expect the monopoly salaries of old. It wasn't honest before and now the truth is harder to hide.
+
+ And please, do your best to publish your information in the most honest format: unencumbered by "licenses"; clean source code; auditable change history.
+
+ It's an easy job, but it's even easier if we all do it right, and work together.
+
+ ****
+
package.json
Changed around line 18
- "scroll-cli": "^178.1.0"
+ "scroll-cli": "^178.2.1"
digi.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-28
+ tags All Thinking Society
+ title Deceptive Intelligence verse Genuine Intelligence
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ // aka Devil Intelligence versus God Intelligence
+
+ Deceptive intelligence is when an agent emits false signals for its own interests, contrary to the interests of its readers. Genuine Intelligence is one where an agent always emits honest symbols to the best of its ability, grounded in natural experiment, without any bias against its users.
+
+ ***
+
+ Artificial intelligence is here and very powerful.
+
+ Will we have Deceptive Intelligences or Genuine Intelligences?
+
+ ***
+
+ It seems to me closed source intelligences are bound to be Deceptive Intelligences.
+
+ Think about a closed system prompt or fine-tuning stage. It is _extremely_ easy for a powerful entity (such as a government), to influence what happens in those stages, and thus quietly mislead the people downstream.
+
+ (It's interesting to realize that even before AI, we already had what served as a "system prompt", where the powers that be would apply hidden pressures to the major media organizations to generate news and media with specific slants.)
+
+ ***
+
+ How is an individual to protect themselves against Deceptive Intelligences?
+
+ It seems to me like legalizing intellectual freedom and having powerful, fully open source, local AIs would help.
+ freedom.html intellectual freedom
+
+ ***
+
+ Would that be enough?
+
+ Sometimes I wonder if the inherent black-box nature of neural networks means there will always be a place for the DI to hide.
+
+ In that case the question is: is it possible to build a purely symbolic intelligence that could be competitive against neural nets?
+
+ A fully open and understandable (but massive), organization of symbols that provides the knowledge and expertise benefits of AIs but in a Genuine Intelligence form factor?
+
+ ***
+
+ Symbolic AI was hot, then fell _way_ behind neural networks, but neural networks have had a trillion dollars plowed into them.
+
+ Could symbolic AI make a comeback? If you plowed enough brain power and resources into symbolic AI (including using a lot of LLMs to help write it), could you make one competitive to neural networks and more of Genuine Intelligence?
+
+ Or is there something inherently worse about symbolic AI?
+
+ ***
+
+ I'm genuinely not sure. :)
+
+ Why do _I_ worry about this?
+
+ Simply because I'm a huge outlier in terms of amount of time I've put into studying and experimenting with symbolic technology, and feel some responsibility to help make it work, if it actually can work (rather than just go off and bow to our new neural network overlords :) ).
+
+ ****
+
dreaming-of-a-data-checked-language.scroll
Changed around line 1
- title Dreaming of a Data Checked Language
+ title Dreaming of a Logic Checked Language
- * Speling errors and errors grammar are nearly extinct in published content. *Data errors*, however, are prolific.
+ * Speling errors and errors grammar are nearly extinct in published content. *Logic errors*, however, are prolific.
- By data error I mean one the following errors: a statement without a backing dataset and/or definitions, a statement with data but a bad reduction(s), or a statement with backing data but lacking integrated context. I will provide examples of these errors later.
+ By logic error I mean one the following errors: a statement without a backing dataset and/or definitions, a statement with data but a bad reduction(s), or a statement with backing data but lacking integrated context. I will provide examples of these errors later.
- The hard sciences like physics, chemistry and most branches of engineering have low tolerance for data errors. But outside of those domains data errors are everywhere.
+ The hard sciences like physics, chemistry and most branches of engineering have low tolerance for logic errors. But outside of those domains logic errors are everywhere.
- * Fields like medicine, law, media, policy, the social sciences, and many more are teeming with data errors, which are far more consequential than spelling or grammar errors. If a drug company misspells the word dockter in some marketing material the effect will be trivial. But if that material contains data errors those often influence terrible medical decisions that lead to many deaths and wasted resources.
+ * Fields like medicine, law, media, policy, the social sciences, and many more are teeming with logic errors, which are far more consequential than spelling or grammar errors. If a drug company misspells the word dockter in some marketing material the effect will be trivial. But if that material contains logic errors those often influence terrible medical decisions that lead to many deaths and wasted resources.
- # If Data Errors Were Spelling Errors
+ # If Logic Errors Were Spelling Errors
- Spell checking is now an effortless technology and everyone uses it. Published books, periodicals, websites, tweets, advertisements, product labels: we are accustomed to reading content at least 99% free of spelling and grammar errors. But there's no equivalent to a spell checker for data errors and when you look for them you see them everywhere.
+ Spell checking is now an effortless technology and everyone uses it. Published books, periodicals, websites, tweets, advertisements, product labels: we are accustomed to reading content at least 99% free of spelling and grammar errors. But there's no equivalent to a spell checker for logic errors and when you look for them you see them everywhere.
- Data errors are so pervasive that I came up with a hypothesis today and put it to the test. My hypothesis was this: *100% of "reputable" publications will have at least one data error on their front page*.
+ Logic errors are so pervasive that I came up with a hypothesis today and put it to the test. My hypothesis was this: *100% of "reputable" publications will have at least one logic error on their front page*.
Changed around line 44: I wrote down 10 reputable sources off the top of my head: the WSJ, The New Engla
- For each source, I went to their website and took a single screenshot of their homepage, above the fold, and skimmed their top stories for data errors.
+ For each source, I went to their website and took a single screenshot of their homepage, above the fold, and skimmed their top stories for logic errors.
- In the screenshots above, you can see that 10/10 of these publications had data errors front and center.
+ In the screenshots above, you can see that 10/10 of these publications had logic errors front and center.
- Data errors in English fall into common categories. My working definition provides three: a lack of dataset and/or definitions, a bad reduction, or a lack of integrated context. There could be more, this experiment is just a starting point where I'm naming some of the common patterns I see.
+ Logic errors in English fall into common categories. My working definition provides three: a lack of dataset and/or definitions, a bad reduction, or a lack of integrated context. There could be more, this experiment is just a starting point where I'm naming some of the common patterns I see.
- The top article in the WSJ begins with "Tensions Rise in the Middle East". There are at least 2 data errors here. First is the *Lack of Dataset* error. Simply put: you need a dataset to make a statement like that. There is no longitudinal dataset in that article on tensions in the Middle East. There is also a *Lack of Definitions*. Sometimes you can not yet have a dataset but at least define what a dataset would be that could back your assertions. In this case we have neither a dataset nor a definition of what some sort of "Tensions" dataset would look like.
+ The top article in the WSJ begins with "Tensions Rise in the Middle East". There are at least 2 logic errors here. First is the *Lack of Dataset* error. Simply put: you need a dataset to make a statement like that. There is no longitudinal dataset in that article on tensions in the Middle East. There is also a *Lack of Definitions*. Sometimes you can not yet have a dataset but at least define what a dataset would be that could back your assertions. In this case we have neither a dataset nor a definition of what some sort of "Tensions" dataset would look like.
- In the New England Journal of Medicine, the lead figure shows "excessive alcohol consumption is associated with atrial fibrillation" between 2 groups. One group had 0 drinks over a 6 month period and the other group had over 250 drinks (10+ per week). There was a small impact on atrial fibrillation. This is a classic *Lack of Integrated Context* data error. If you were running a lightbulb factory and found soaking lightbulbs in alcohol made them last longer, that might be an important observation. But humans are not as disposable, and health studies must always include *integrated context* to explore whether there is something of significance. Having one group make any sort of similar drastic lifestyle change will likely have some impact on any measurement. A good rule of thumb is anything you read that includes p-values to explain why it is significant is not significant.
+ In the New England Journal of Medicine, the lead figure shows "excessive alcohol consumption is associated with atrial fibrillation" between 2 groups. One group had 0 drinks over a 6 month period and the other group had over 250 drinks (10+ per week). There was a small impact on atrial fibrillation. This is a classic *Lack of Integrated Context* logic error. If you were running a lightbulb factory and found soaking lightbulbs in alcohol made them last longer, that might be an important observation. But humans are not as disposable, and health studies must always include *integrated context* to explore whether there is something of significance. Having one group make any sort of similar drastic lifestyle change will likely have some impact on any measurement. A good rule of thumb is anything you read that includes p-values to explain why it is significant is not significant.
- In Nature we see the line "world's growing water shortage". This is a *Bad Reduction*, another very common data error. While certain areas have a water shortage, other areas have a surplus. Any time you see a broad diverse things grouped into one term, or "averages", or "medians", it's usually a data error. You always need access to the data, and you'll often see a more complex distribution that would prevent broad true statements like those.
+ In Nature we see the line "world's growing water shortage". This is a *Bad Reduction*, another very common logic error. While certain areas have a water shortage, other areas have a surplus. Any time you see a broad diverse things grouped into one term, or "averages", or "medians", it's usually a logic error. You always need access to the data, and you'll often see a more complex distribution that would prevent broad true statements like those.
Changed around line 68: The New Yorker lead paragraph claims an event "was the most provocative U.S. act
- Harvard Business Review has a lead article about the Post-Holiday funk. In that article the phrase "research...suggests" is often a dead giveaway for a *Hidden Data* error, where the data is behind a paywall and even then often inscrutable. Anytime someone says "studies/researchers/experts" it is a data error. We all know the earth revolves around the sun because we can all see the data for ourselves. Don't trust any data you don't have access to.
+ Harvard Business Review has a lead article about the Post-Holiday funk. In that article the phrase "research...suggests" is often a dead giveaway for a *Hidden Data* error, where the data is behind a paywall and even then often inscrutable. Anytime someone says "studies/researchers/experts" it is a logic error. We all know the earth revolves around the sun because we can all see the data for ourselves. Don't trust any data you don't have access to.
- The FDA's lead article is on the Flu and begins with the words "Most viral respiratory infections...", then proceeds for many paragraphs with zero datasets. There is an overall huge *Lack of Datasets* in that article. There's also a *Lack of Monitoring*. Manufacturing facilities are a controlled, static environment. In uncontrolled, heterogeneous environments like human health, things are always changing, and to make ongoing claims without having infrastructure in place to monitor and adjust to changing data is a data error.
+ The FDA's lead article is on the Flu and begins with the words "Most viral respiratory infections...", then proceeds for many paragraphs with zero datasets. There is an overall huge *Lack of Datasets* in that article. There's also a *Lack of Monitoring*. Manufacturing facilities are a controlled, static environment. In uncontrolled, heterogeneous environments like human health, things are always changing, and to make ongoing claims without having infrastructure in place to monitor and adjust to changing data is a logic error.
- The NIH has an article on how increased exercise may be linked to reduced cancer risk. This is actually an informative article with 42 links to many studies with lots of datasets, however the huge data error here is *Lack of Integration*. It is very commendable to do the grunt work and gather the data to make a case, but simply linking to static PDFs is not enough—they must be integrated. Not only does that make it much more useful, but if you've never tried to integrate them, you have no idea if the pieces actually will fit together to support your claims.
+ The NIH has an article on how increased exercise may be linked to reduced cancer risk. This is actually an informative article with 42 links to many studies with lots of datasets, however the huge logic error here is *Lack of Integration*. It is very commendable to do the grunt work and gather the data to make a case, but simply linking to static PDFs is not enough—they must be integrated. Not only does that make it much more useful, but if you've never tried to integrate them, you have no idea if the pieces actually will fit together to support your claims.
- I don't think anyone's to blame for the proliferation of data errors. I think it's still relatively recent that we've harnessed the power of data in specialized domains, and no one has yet invented ways to easily and fluently incorporate true data into our human languages.
+ I don't think anyone's to blame for the proliferation of logic errors. I think it's still relatively recent that we've harnessed the power of data in specialized domains, and no one has yet invented ways to easily and fluently incorporate true data into our human languages.
- * Human languages have absorbed a number of sublanguages over thousands of years that have made it easier to communicate with ease in a more precise way. The base 10 number system (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) is one example that made it a lot easier to utilize arithmetic.
+ * Human languages have absorbed a number of sublanguages over thousands of years that have made it easier to communicate with ease in a more precise way. The base 10 number system (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) is one example that made it a lot easier to utilize arithmetic.
- Domains with low tolerance for data errors, like aeronautical engineering or computer chip design, are heavily reliant on programming languages. I think it's worthwhile to explore the world of programming language design for ideas that might inspire improvements to our everyday human languages.
+ Domains with low tolerance for logic errors, like aeronautical engineering or computer chip design, are heavily reliant on programming languages. I think it's worthwhile to explore the world of programming language design for ideas that might inspire improvements to our everyday human languages.
- Some quick numbers for people not familiar with the world of programming languages. Around 10,000 computer languages have been released in history (most of them in the past 70 years). About 50-100 of those have more than a million users worldwide and the names of some of them may be familiar to even non-programmers such as Java, Javascript, Python, HTML or Excel.
+ Some quick numbers for people not familiar with the world of programming languages. Around 10,000 computer languages have been released in history (most of them in the past 70 years). About 50-100 of those have more than a million users worldwide and the names of some of them may be familiar to even non-programmers such as Java, Javascript, Python, HTML or Excel.
- Not all programming languages are created equal. The designers of a language end up making thousands of decisions about how their particular language works. While English has evolved with little guidance over millennia, programming languages are often designed consciously by small groups and can evolve much faster.
+ Not all programming languages are created equal. The designers of a language end up making thousands of decisions about how their particular language works. While English has evolved with little guidance over millennia, programming languages are often designed consciously by small groups and can evolve much faster.
- * Most of the time though, as data and experience accumulates, a rough consensus emerges about what is good and bad in language design (though this too seesaws).
+ * Most of the time though, as data and experience accumulates, a rough consensus emerges about what is good and bad in language design (though this too seesaws).
- One of the patterns that has emerged as generally a good thing over the decades to many languages is what's called "type checking". When you are programming you often create buckets that can hold values. For example, if you were programming a function that regulated how much power a jet engine should supply, you might take into account the reading from a wind speed sensor and so create a bucket named "windSpeed".
+ One of the patterns that has emerged as generally a good thing over the decades to many languages is what's called "type checking". When you are programming you often create buckets that can hold values. For example, if you were programming a function that regulated how much power a jet engine should supply, you might take into account the reading from a wind speed sensor and so create a bucket named "windSpeed".
- * Some languages are designed to enforce stricter logic checking of your buckets to help catch mistakes. Others will try to make your program work as written. For example, if later in your jet engine program you mistakenly assigned the indoor air temperature to the "windSpeed" bucket, the parsers of some languages would alert you while you are writing the program, while with some other languages you'd discover your error in the air. The former style of languages generally do this by having "type checking".
+ * Some languages are designed to enforce stricter logic checking of your buckets to help catch mistakes. Others will try to make your program work as written. For example, if later in your jet engine program you mistakenly assigned the indoor air temperature to the "windSpeed" bucket, the parsers of some languages would alert you while you are writing the program, while with some other languages you'd discover your error in the air. The former style of languages generally do this by having "type checking".
- Type Checking of programming languages is somewhat similar to Grammar Checking of English, though it can be a lot more extensive. If you make a change in one part of the program in a typed language, the type checker can recheck the entire program to make sure everything still makes sense. This sort of thing would be very useful in a data checked language. If your underlying dataset changes and conclusions anywhere are suddenly invalid, it would be helpful to have the checker alert you.
+ Type Checking of programming languages is somewhat similar to Grammar Checking of English, though it can be a lot more extensive. If you make a change in one part of the program in a typed language, the type checker can recheck the entire program to make sure everything still makes sense. This sort of thing would be very useful in a logic checked language. If your underlying dataset changes and conclusions anywhere are suddenly invalid, it would be helpful to have the checker alert you.
- Perhaps lessons learned from programing language design, like Type Checking, could be useful for building the missing data checker for English.
+ Perhaps lessons learned from programing language design, like Type Checking, could be useful for building the missing logic checker for English.
- # A Blue Squiggly to Highlight Data Errors
+ # A Blue Squiggly to Highlight Logic Errors
Changed around line 114: Perhaps what we need is a new color of squiggly:
- ❌ Data Checkers: blue squiggly
+ ❌ Logic Checkers: blue squiggly
- If we had a data checker that highlighted data errors we would eventually see a drastic reduction in data errors.
+ If we had a logic checker that highlighted logic errors we would eventually see a drastic reduction in logic errors.
- If we had a checker for data errors appear today our screens would be full of blue. For example, click the button below to highlight just some of the data errors on this page alone.
+ If we had a checker for logic errors appear today our screens would be full of blue. For example, click the button below to highlight just some of the logic errors on this page alone.
-
+
- ? How Do We Reduce Data Errors?
+ ? How Do We Reduce Logic Errors?
- If someone created a working data checker today and applied it to all of our top publications, blue squigglies would be everywhere.
+ If someone created a working logic checker today and applied it to all of our top publications, blue squigglies would be everywhere.
- * It is very expensive and time consuming to build datasets and make data driven statements without data errors, so am I saying until we can publish content free of data errors we should stop publishing most of our content? *YES*! If you don't have anything true to say, perhaps it's best not to say anything at all. At the very least, I wish all the publications above had disclaimers about how laden with data errors their stories are.
+ * It is very expensive and time consuming to build datasets and make data driven statements without logic errors, so am I saying until we can publish content free of logic errors we should stop publishing most of our content? *YES*! If you don't have anything true to say, perhaps it's best not to say anything at all. At the very least, I wish all the publications above had disclaimers about how laden with logic errors their stories are.
- Of course I don't believe either of those are likely to happen. I think we are stuck with data errors until people have invented great new things so that it becomes a lot easier to publish material without data errors. I hope we somehow create a data checked language.
+ Of course I don't believe either of those are likely to happen. I think we are stuck with logic errors until people have invented great new things so that it becomes a lot easier to publish material without logic errors. I hope we somehow create a logic checked language.
- While I don't know what the solution will be, I would not be surprised if the following patterns play a big role in moving us to a world where data errors are extinct:
+ While I don't know what the solution will be, I would not be surprised if the following patterns play a big role in moving us to a world where logic errors are extinct:
- * 1. *Radical increases in collaborative data projects* It is very easy for a person or small group to crank out content laden with data errors. It takes small armies of people making steady contributions over a long time period to build the big datasets that can power content free of data errors.
+ * 1. *Radical increases in collaborative data projects* It is very easy for a person or small group to crank out content laden with logic errors. It takes small armies of people making steady contributions over a long time period to build the big datasets that can power content free of logic errors.
- * 2. *Widespread improvements in data usability*. Lots of people and organizations have moved in the past decade to make more of their data open. However, it generally takes hours to become fluent with one dataset, and there are millions of them out there. Imagine if it took you hours to ramp on a single English word. That's the state of data usability right now. We need widespread improvements here to make integrated contexts easier.
+ * 2. *Widespread improvements in data usability*. Lots of people and organizations have moved in the past decade to make more of their data open. However, it generally takes hours to become fluent with one dataset, and there are millions of them out there. Imagine if it took you hours to ramp on a single English word. That's the state of data usability right now. We need widespread improvements here to make integrated contexts easier.
- * 3. *Stop subsidizing content laden with data errors*. We grant monopolies on information and so there's even more incentive to create stories laden with data errors—because there are more ways to lie than to tell the truth. We should revisit intellectual monopoly laws.
+ * 3. *Stop subsidizing content laden with logic errors*. We grant monopolies on information and so there's even more incentive to create stories laden with logic errors—because there are more ways to lie than to tell the truth. We should revisit intellectual monopoly laws.
- * 4. *Novel innovations in language*. Throughout history novel new sublanguages have enhanced our cognitive abilities. Things like geometry, Hindu-Arabic numerals, calculus, binary notation, etc. I hope some innovators will create very novel data sublanguages that make it much easier to communicate with data and reduce data errors.
+ * 4. *Novel innovations in language*. Throughout history novel new sublanguages have enhanced our cognitive abilities. Things like geometry, Hindu-Arabic numerals, calculus, binary notation, etc. I hope some innovators will create very novel logic sublanguages that make it much easier to communicate with data and reduce logic errors.
- Have you invented a data checked language, or are working on one? If so, please get in touch.
+ Have you invented a logic checked language, or are working on one? If so, please get in touch.
knowledge.scroll
Changed around line 38: endSnippet
+ // what about how things like new kinds of microscopes and telescopes, etc, show us more over time?
+ // on that topic, what about writing an essay about light/causality/observation? seeing deeper, further, etc
knowledge.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-24
+ tags All Thinking Scroll
+ title Knowledge
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ 1. Human population has grown exponentially.
+ // Currently it is ~8 billion.
+ // 8e9
+
+ 2. Words are 2D signals that can convey information about the 4D world.
+
+ endSnippet
+
+ 3. The maximum number of words generated per year is a constant times human population.
+ // If we set the constant to 10 million then the max words per year is:
+ 1e7 * 8e9 = 8e16
+
+ 4. Written words persist and so the maximum number of written words increases by maximum number of words generated.
+
+ 5. The maximum number of words a human can perceive per year is a constant.
+
+ 6. It follows from the above that humans perceive a decreasing percentage of the world's total words per year.
+
+ 7. Knowledge is words that make accurate predictions of many more words.
+
+ 8. Noise is words that don't predict many more words.
+
+ 9. Patterns in words are sometimes recognized and formed into knowledge words.
+
+ 10. The fundamental generators of the patterns in the 4D world seem to be static, but may not be.
+ // Could new forces arise over time? Do new forces assembly and evolve just like everything else?
+
+ 11. The absolute number of knowledge words increases over time.
+
+ 12. Knowledge seems to grow logarithmically.
+ // measured as the growth of the english language over time?
+
+ 13. If one ruthlessly focuses on knowledge over noise, one may predict more of the 4D world than their ancestors.
+
+ // what is the growth in knowledge over time?
+ // what is the compression rate of words to knowledge?
+ // quickPlot year vs humanPopulation
+ // An offline dictionary of equations would be cool
+ // Topological dictioanry of equations?
+
+ // Intelligence is compression
+
+ ****
+
aaron.jpg
ads.scroll
Changed around line 32: Copyright makes it illegal for Americans to remove the stickers; to remove ads f
- (Alternatively we can make content creators liable for any and all harm arising from their "content", including any harm coming from bundled ads.).
+ (Or we can make content creators liable for any and all harm arising from their "content", including any harm coming from bundled ads.).
- I was born in 1984. My daughters were born in 2019 and 2021. I would love their world to be better than the one I grew up in.
+ I was born in 1984. My daughters in 2019 and 2021. I would love their world to be better than the one I grew up in.
basic.scroll
Changed around line 5: title You Steal Your Software
- In 1976, Bill Gates accused computer users of "stealing" software.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists accused
+ In 1976, Bill Gates wrote an angry letter to computer users saying "most of you steal your software".
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists an angry letter
basic.scroll
Changed around line 1
- title A funny thing about the original Microsoft Source Code
+ title You Steal Your Software
ads.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-23
+ tags All Society IntellectualFreedom
+ title How to get rid of advertising
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ Americans are guinea pigs in a huge experiment: we are exposed to more ads than any group in history.
+
+ It's not going well.
+
+ I say it's time for a new experiment: let's get rid of ads.
+
+ Here's how.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Information as apples
+
+ Imagine information as apples.
+
+ Ads are like those little round stickers stuck on the side.
+
+ Imagine it is illegal to remove these stickers.
+
+ Finally, imagine some stickers are poisoned.
+
+ This is information in America today.
+
+ ***
+
+ Copyright makes it illegal for Americans to remove the stickers; to remove ads from information.
+
+ Get rid of copyright, get rid of ads.
+
+ (Alternatively we can make content creators liable for any and all harm arising from their "content", including any harm coming from bundled ads.).
+
+ ***
+
+ I was born in 1984. My daughters were born in 2019 and 2021. I would love their world to be better than the one I grew up in.
+
+ Information can nourish, or it can poison.
+
+ I would love my girls to live in a world with more sustenance, less poison.
+
+ Let's get rid of copyright and get rid of ads.
+
+ ****
+
+ center
+ Related posts
+ freedom.html
pageFooter.scroll
Changed around line 7: theScrollButton
+ Follow me on X
+ https://twitter.com/breckyunits
+ class abstractTextLinkParser
+ br
improvement.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-22
+ tags All Startups Programming
+ title The Internal Comparison Trap
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ With Scroll I am trying to make a product I love and a product other people love so much it spreads via word-of-mouth.
+ makeSomethingYouLove.html make a product I love
+
+ Word-of-mouth spread! The holy grail of startups.
+
+ It has been harder than I expected.
+
+ ***
+
+ I think a cognitive mistake I've been making is comparing new versions of Scroll to older versions and not comparing new versions of Scroll to the best available alternatives in the market.
+
+ In other words, I keep thinking this new version is _so mucher_ better (or has so much more potential) than the old version, so of course the old version wasn't good enough to have a viral coefficient greater than 1 (but this one will!).
+
+ I'll call this the *Internal Comparison Trap*. You _feel_ like you're making significant progress because the new version of your product is significantly better. But the market doesn't care about internal comparisons. The market only cares about your best versus the market's best. And that gap might be as wide as ever, and widening the resource gap.
+
+ ***
+
+ In most things in life it's healthy not to be comparing yourself to the market's best. Instead, be the best you can be-compete against your prior self! But when making investment decisions you have to compare your bet to the market's best. The market is very much winner take most. It's better to have a small slice of #1 than a big slice of #10.
+
+ ***
+
+ Externally I see this playing out a lot with the various AI companies. If you look at each in isolation, they all seem to be making incredible progress. But if you compare each new release to the market's best, the improvements are often marginal or even non-existent.
+
+ ***
+
+ It gets especially hard in a competitive market. At first you are on the low part of the S-Curve so it's relatively easy to make major jumps in product improvement. But then the improvements naturally get harder (technical debt builds up, for instance), and meanwhile you enter the ranks of the top competitors, who are innovating as hard as ever.
+
+ ***
+
+ There are other ways to get word-of-mouth spread, other than having a breakthrough product. I think if you are financially disciplined with great customer service you can build a word-of-mouth flywheel machine.
+
+ But if your strategy is get ahead of the market with a better product, you have to really have a strong differentiator that the alternatives just can't provide.
+
+ ***
+
+ I am really proud of Scroll and how much it has improved over the years. I think it's helped me become a stronger thinker.
+
+ But the alternative tools in the market have also improved a tremendous amount.
+
+ If Scroll is going to take the lead, it can't just keep improving significantly relative to itself, it needs to make a leap where it becomes significantly better than the market's best.
+
+ ****
package.json
Changed around line 18
- "scroll-cli": "^177.0.0"
+ "scroll-cli": "^178.1.0"
search.scroll
Changed around line 9: categoryLinks.scroll
- printTable
+ unselect authors
+ printTable
infosphere.scroll
Changed around line 89: When you see "Our business model is advertising" you should interpret as "Our bu
+ What kinds of information are we most exposed to?
+
+ Are we exposed to high value, instructive information, or are we exposed to information trying to distract and mislead?
+
+ I often find high quality information buried under mountains of junk. We are exposed to the information on top, while the truth seeker has to go digging.
+
+ Sadly people are not allowed to filter the junk for others and so each one must waste their time doing so (or more commonly, give up and just accept what they are told).
+
+ ***
+
ford.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-20
+ tags All Thinking Writing Scroll
+ title Ford
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ This post is written in Scroll, a 2D language.
+
+ I have a new language, a 4D one, I've been working on for over a year now. I call it Ford (get it?).
+
+ I don't have much to share yet but I wanted to write about it anyway. Maybe someone is working on a similar thing and would like to collaborate.
+
+ ***
+
+ The brain is a 4D prediction engine.
+
+ All that is selected for is our ability to predict 4D.
+
+ ***
+
+ 4D patterns in nature can be folded into lower dimensions, like reverse-origami. Folding makes ideas easier to transport.
+
+ Writing is folding 4D into 2D.
+
+ Reading is unfolding 2D back into 4D.
+
+ ***
+
+ A single word is a point representation of a 4D concept. _Fire_, for example. It unfolds to 2D then to 3D and 4D.
+
+ ***
+
+ To fold concepts from 4D to 2D and back, there is an overall causal order, though parts can be parallelized.
+
+ ***
+
+ All sensible symbols can be unfolded to accurate predictions of the 4D world.
+
+ Symbols that don't unfold accurately are non-sense.
+
+ (Symbols that purposefully perplex are not necessarily non-sense, if intended as art)
+
+ ***
+
+ Our modeling engines are not infinite. Our brains have limits.
+
+ At each instant we expose ~200 million cells in our eyes to light.
+
+ Perhaps a number based on physical limits like that is the ceiling for the number of voxels we can model at once.
+
+ Perhaps the true number is far smaller.
+
+ ***
+
+ I believe thinking about the 4D nature of concepts and the folds that best get them to and from 2D may lead to more useful 2D languages.
+
+ ****
pretext.scroll
Changed around line 1
- tags All Scroll Science Thinking
+ tags All Scroll Science Thinking Writing
infosphere.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-19
+ tags All Science Thinking IntellectualFreedom
+ title The Infosphere
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ Symbols can live more than fifty times longer than humans. They require almost no energy to persist, just the occasional refresh every fifty years or so to not fade. How do we talk about this space where symbols are popping up, fading or being replicated, on surfaces and screens? I suggest a new word: *Infosphere*.
+
+ ***
+
+ The Infosphere refers to the collection of all man-made, public, persisting symbols.
+
+ The Infosphere is not the natural part of nature. The Infosphere is not present in the woods, or on the beach, or in the mountains.
+ // unless you bring your phone
+
+ Books, newspapers, magazines, televisions, phone screens, radios - these are the realm of the Infosphere.
+
+ Your eyes and ears breathe the Infosphere as your lungs breathe the atmosphere.
+
+ ***
+
+ We depend on the atmosphere to live and we depend on the infosphere to thrive.
+
+ A century ago in the western world new industrial technologies polluted our atmosphere.
+
+ We largely fixed this, but now our infosphere is heavily polluted.
+
+ Information pollution is very real.
+
+ ***
+
+ Earlier generations spent far more time in nature. It simply wasn't possible to be exposed to the infosphere so much.
+
+ Now the infosphere is increasingly omnipresent, and, as it is filled with toxins, the latest generations, including mine, are the most lied to people in history.
+
+ You wouldn't want your children to breathe toxic air, why would you want them to breathe toxic information?
+
+ ***
+
+ What is the source of these toxins?
+
+ The infosphere can nourish or poison, instruct or distract.
+
+ You would think our laws would be designed to encourage the former and discourage the latter.
+
+ But it is the opposite.
+
+ The primary source of infosphere pollution are those unarchived symbols that we are not permitted to adjust.
+
+ We have made widespread a thing called "copyright" law. What does this do?
+
+ It orders that new symbols be frozen for over 100 years.
+
+ It pretends that this would lead to a healthier infosphere, but any thinking man can see how clearly false this is.
+
+ Ideas work best continually refined. Freezing is non-nonsensical.
+
+ No honest scientist or engineer would ever say their symbols are perfect. Instead they constantly strive to correct them, iterating upon them until they die, and hoping that future generations will continue to iterate upon them after that. The scientist also publishes their work for all to see and learn from. Meanwhile, the copyrighter demands payment before one can see their work, then puts out dribble after dribble, and claims their symbols are immune from defects, and must not be altered without permission for over a century.
+
+ Which symbols do you think are healthier for the infosphere?
+
+ ***
+
+ Nature provides incentives for improving the infosphere. Copyright provides incentives for polluting the infosphere.
+
+ Believing one can centrally set the optimal "term limits" on information is as naive as believing one can centrally set prices.
+
+ Free markets would far more intelligently organize the infosphere.
+
+ ***
+
+ The information filter strips toxic information, such as orthogonal advertising, from the infosphere.
+
+ But information filtering is made illegal by copyright law.
+
+ As a result, toxins are incentivized and linger.
+
+ ***
+
+ Advertising, the mixing of undesired symbols with desired ones, is like an industrial age smoke stack spewing soot into the air.
+
+ Advertising pollutes our infosphere.
+
+ Honest advertising needs no captive audience or copyright protection. Thus, most in the advertising business are liars.
+
+ Liars pay top dollar for ads. Often the purveyor of copyrighted materials tries to pretend they are in an honest business but their material is bundled with advertisements for dishonest products.
+
+ When you see "Our business model is advertising" you should interpret as "Our business model is lying."
+
+ ***
+
+ What is the harm of a polluted infosphere?
+
+ Significant time wasting, for one. When one man's time is wasted, everyone is worse off.
+
+ But it does not stop there.
+
+ We saw in 2020 people worldwide held prisoner in their homes, ordered to cover their faces, and receiving forced injections, all uninformed orders made possible by a toxic infosphere.
+
+ There are countless Salem witch trials going on right now for conditions that don't exist; immunizations that doesn't immunize; medicines that don't heal.
+
+ An unhealthy infosphere is as deadly as an unhealthy atmosphere.
+
+ ***
+
+ We have recognized that we need to take care of our atmosphere.
+
+ Similarly, we need to take care of our infosphere.
+
+ ****
datasets.scroll
Changed around line 1
- tags All Data Thinking Programming HasDataset ScrollSets
+ tags All Data Thinking Programming HasDataset ScrollSets Science
marks.scroll
Changed around line 1
- tags All Data Thinking Life HasDataset
+ tags All Data Thinking Life HasDataset Science
pretext.scroll
Changed around line 1
- tags All Scroll Thinking
+ tags All Scroll Science Thinking
sciencePage.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ replace CAT_TITLE Science
+
+ categoryPage.scroll
+ printSnippets Science
+ footer.scroll
portfolio.scroll
Changed around line 47: datatable
- 2023,https://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com,Hawai'i Pub
+ // 2023,https://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com,Hawai'i Pub
+
portfolio.scroll
Changed around line 47: datatable
- 2023,http://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com,Hawai'i Pub
+ 2023,https://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com,Hawai'i Pub
portfolio.scroll
Changed around line 49: datatable
- 2022,http://braindb.com,BrainDB
+ 2022,https://braindb.com,BrainDB
portfolio.scroll
Changed around line 47: datatable
- 2023,https://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com/,Hawai'i Pub
+ 2023,http://hawaii.publicdomaincompany.com,Hawai'i Pub
- 2022,https://braindb.com,BrainDB
+ 2022,http://braindb.com,BrainDB
portfolio.scroll
Changed around line 51: datatable
- 2021,https://simoji.treenotation.org,Simoji
+ 2021,https://simoji.scroll.pub,Simoji
experiments.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-15
+ tags All Science Thinking Scroll
+ title Experiments
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ I believe learning through motion-through conducting physical experiments in the real world-is vastly superior to learning through reading.
+
+ But the number of experiments one can do is vast, with some being far more informative than others, and time and resources are limited. Reading can point one to the motions-the experiments-that are most informative.
+
+ Thus, the most valuable symbols are the ones that guide one to conduct the most useful experiments.
+
+ Lately I've been figuring out how to put all of science into one file. I think the file would largely be experiment after experiment after experiment. Each one, the near minimum number of symbols to communicate the easiest experiment that can be done to cause learning the next most useful set of patterns about the world.
+ science.html put all of science into one file
+
+ ****
pretext.scroll
Changed around line 4: title Pretext
+ Pretext is all the words, all the definitions, all the patterns not in the text but that the text depends on. The texts that the author possesses and the reader requires.
+
+ ***
+
- Pretexts are all the words, all the definitions, all the patterns not in the text but that the text depends on. The texts that the author possesses and the reader requires.
-
pretext.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-14
+ tags All Scroll Thinking
+ title Pretext
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ Texts are far smaller than their pretexts.
+
+ The text `E=mc²` is short; the pretext long.
+
+ Pretexts are all the words, all the definitions, all the patterns not in the text but that the text depends on. The texts that the author possesses and the reader requires.
+
+ Texts are like the tip of the iceberg. But that's overselling texts, for the tip of the iceberg is 10% of the thing, whereas texts are far less a percentage of the text+pretext combination.
+
+ Perhaps the better metaphor is that texts are like the tip of a new Hawai'ian island poking above the surface, built on an Everest-sized mountain underneath.
+
+ ***
+
+ # The Pretext Button
+
+ We can build a machine, a function, that generates the pretext for a text.
+
+ Generated pretext would help find logical mistakes and/or experimental holes.
+
+ Pretexts would also give us measurable quantities. We could compare the true size of text A and text B by measuring both with their pretexts.
+
+ ***
+
+ What should be in the pretext?
+
+ - Every word should be declared
+ - Every word should be grounded
+ - Every word should be defined
+ - And the same for multiword constructs
+ - The text should be fully parseable by the above
+
+ ***
+
+ I'm excited to work more on pretext. Should have some demos soon.
+
+ ****
comics.scroll
Changed around line 6: printTitle
+ center 4/14/2025
+
+ # Tech Innovation Curves
+ comics/techInnovationCurves.png
+
+ ***
+
comics/techInnovationCurves.png
move.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-12
+ tags All IntellectualFreedom
+ title Movement
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ > The doer alone learneth.
+ Attributed to Nietzsche
+ right
+ italics
+
+ I wish I spent more time moving atoms and less time moving symbols.
+
+ I enjoy reading and writing, but I do more of it than I'd like.
+
+ I overinvest in symbols out of duty. A small group of us stumbled upon the truth that our society has gotten the law wrong on symbols, and as a result the infosphere has become heavily polluted.
+ freedom.html society has gotten the law wrong on symbols
+
+ In an ideal world, IP law is deleted, the toxins are filtered from our infosphere, symbols become far more signal than noise, and I can put more time into doing things that require more motion than the pressing of keys on the keyboard or dancing a pen across a page.
+ https://x.com/jack/status/1910829254214115681 IP law is deleted
+
+ ***
+
+ Symbols, done right, are an extremely useful tool.
+
+ But only so far as they can improve the models embedded in one's brain.
+
+ The latter is the ends, the essential. The former is just a means.
+
+ The mental model is the meal, the symbols are the kitchen. Humans don't need kitchens, but do need meals. One is absolutely essential, the other is just a means to the essential thing. Kitchens are awesome, symbols are awesome, but there is a huge difference between something essential and a tool for making the essential thing.
+
+ ***
+
+ # The Best Symbols
+
+ The best symbols are those that transmit reproducible experiments that someone can do to learn highly predictive models of the world.
+
+ It is not enough to just read the symbols, you have to do the movements to learn them. The symbols are merely a guide.
+
+ When some symbols can lead you through some motions that then unlock in you vast new predictive powers, that is symbols at their finest.
+
+ ***
+
+ I wish I could snap my fingers and get people to see what I could see. A world with a very different infosphere. New mediums beyond books and papers and shows. Where symbolic products are published in a way to be easily accessed and shared and combined and refined and digested. An infosphere not overwhelmed with noise, not constantly trying to steal your attention. An infosphere that serves you, not tricks you.
+
+ It is far more rewarding to make things with atoms than symbols. Atomic creations are the things to be most proud of. The symbols on the screens should help us move and produce more, rather than sit and consume more symbols.
+
+ ***
+
+ Years ago my smart phone broke and I did not replace it. It was a life improvement.
+
+ My laptop is nearing 5 years old. It too may soon break. I would prefer not to replace it.
+
+ I hope the truth will be spreading by then.
+
+ We need far fewer symbols. We need signal, not noise.
+
+ ****
freedomFull.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ description Some writing about probability, programming, economics and life.
+ title Breck's Blog
+
+ header.scroll
+ printTitle
+
+ thinColumns 2
+ printFullSnippets IntellectualFreedom
+ footer.scroll
startupAdvice.scroll
Changed around line 36: container 600px
+ > *Cold emails:* Every single person I’ve interviewed thus far, even those working with billions of dollars, have all sent cold emails. - Sonith Sunku
+
blocking.scroll
Changed around line 58: datatable
- In all three cases I was blocked after trying to help improve their ideas and better inform their users, who are all communities of people (science, statistics, startups) that I have a 20 year public track record of caring deeply about.
+ In all cases I was blocked after trying to help improve their ideas and better inform their users, who are all communities of people (science, statistics, startups) that I have a 20 year public track record of caring deeply about.
- I also was an early public booster of all 4 of these people, with years of public proof behind that, so one can not only show evidence that my actions were good, but that there is strong evidence of long term good intentions and good will from me to these people.
+ I also was an early public booster of all of these people, with years of public proof behind that, so one can not only show evidence that my actions were good, but that there is strong evidence of long term good intentions and good will from me to these people.
Changed around line 70: It should not only not be done, but it should not be a feature of these digital
- I blame Twitter for encouraging their worst impulses. I hope dearly Warpcast does not make the same mistake.
+ I blame Twitter for encouraging their worst impulses. I hope Warpcast does not make the same mistake.
abortBar.scroll
Changed around line 9: singleHeader.scroll
- So I saw a lot of animated "progress" bars in software that was actually hung.
+ So I saw a lot of animated "progress" bars in software that were actually hung.
market.scroll
Changed around line 22: The relationship between a human and the market is like that between a dog and t
+ # Markets are an intelligence
+
+ Markets can be a bit scary sometimes, just as a hive of bees can be a bit scary. Markets vibrate with energy and it can take some getting used to to have that energy focused on you when you first put your offerings out there. You have to have thick skin - there are a number of market participants who will sting you, one way or the other (usually nothing personal, just people having a laugh or a bad day).
+
+ Markets are intelligent beings. They sniff out good deals. Direct energy to promising directions.
+
+ A good quote I saw recently, that was about investing in markets but I think applies to selling to markets as well: "1. Markets work. 2. Costs matter. 3. Diversification is your friend". In other words - markets will reward you if you make something of value, but it may take time (so keep costs low), and don't put all your eggs in one basket.
+
+ ***
+
mindChangers.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 2025-4-11
+ tags All Thinking
+ title Mind Changers
+ container 500px
+ standardPost.scroll
+
+ > When the facts change, I change my mind. What do you do?
+ Attributed to John Maynard Keynes (1932)
+ right
+ https://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/07/22/keynes-change-mind/ 1932
+
+ A strong thinker can explain their position and imagine new facts that would flip it.
+
+ Facts don't always change. Nature grants us some stability in her laws.
+
+ But they _can_ always change. Our models are always downstream of measurements.
+
+ Imagining new facts that could cause you to change your positions makes you stronger.
+
+ Not only does it make you less likely to invest in wrong positions, but it will teach you how to better understand (and potentially alter) the positions of others.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Positions are built on models built of blocks
+
+ On topic T, my position is P.
+
+ My model of T is M.
+
+ M is built of blocks B[].
+
+ What changed blocks CB[], would cause me to flip my position P?
+
+ ***
+
+ # Sales
+
+ What I'm talking about here is also very similar to the problem of sales.
+
+ In sales you are listening to the potential customer to understand their model of the world, and then giving them truthful block changes that will update their model so that their position P becomes "buy".
+
+ ***
+
+ # Listening
+
+ To identify mind changers one needs to be know what the current model of the world in the mind is.
+
+ If you're trying to identify your own mind changers, writing helps.
+
+ If you're trying to identify the mind changers in someone else, listening.
+
+ ***
+
+ # Subconcious
+
+ What might cause someone to change their mind on a position P might have little to do with the symbolic model you're able to dig out.
+
+ It might mostly be due to subconscious blocks.
+
+ Perhaps a person says "Y" would change their position to P', but then what actually changes their position to P' is something totally different (like a pretty person pitching P').
+
+ ***
+
+ # Selling Out
+
+ > The surprising thing is not that every man has his price, but how low it is.
+ Attributed to Napoleon
+ right
+
+ In writing this one unexpected thing I realized is how easily and near universally even my positions are vulnerable to incentives.
+
+ I don't think you could pay me a price to promote a position I believed to be false, but you could probably pay me a (high) price to _not_ promote a position I believed to be true.
+
+ In other words, my voice is not for sale, but my _silence_ might be.
+
+ Why is this?
+
+ Simply because I have multiple things I care a lot about, I know my time is limited, and so working on certain things _always_ comes at the expense of working on others. So if someone pays me $X to _not_ promote opinion Y, but that allows me to promote 3 opinions that I care about when I otherwise might only be able to promote 1, I can see that is a deal I would be willing to consider.
+
+ So the block "suddenly I'm being paid not to promote P" would not get me to 180° flip my position P, but to at least rotate it 90° and go passive on P.
+
+ No one is currently paying me not to promote ideas (unfortunately?), but I think this is pretty widespread.
+
+ Some claim a lot of advertising in our world today isn't selling products, but buying silence.
+
+ ****
+
+ # Appendix: Practicing what I preach
+
+ Below I practice looking for mind changers on three of my most contrarian ideas.
+
+ ***
+
+ What are some block changes that might cause me to reverse my contrarian position that IP laws should be abolished?
+
+ I don't think any of these would ever happen, but I guess my mind would change if reproducible data showed conclusively:
+ - Concentrating power into a tiny sliver of humanity, the "innovator class", creates vastly better innovation than diffusive innovation
+ - Without IP then the class of people adept with symbols are inevitably and hopelessly enslaved by the property controlling class
+ - IP allows better information control and without it there is inevitable weapons proliferation and civilization-ending violence
+ - Without IP information sharing plummets and information sabotage reigns
+ - Without IP for whatever 2nd order reasons we are no longer able to build such collabortive wonders as microprocessors
+ - If AGI arrives and can create so much great stuff on demand that IP laws become completely irrelevant
+
+ Again, I would be extremely surprised by data showing these things, but these are the types of things that might cause me to change my mind.
+
+ ***
+
+ What are some block changes that might cause me to reverse my contrarian position that Scroll is a language worth strong investment?
+
+ - Putting time into improving Scroll often leads me to feel like I'm becoming a stronger thinker, so if that stopped being the case, I could see that.
+ - I definitely believe "thinking in 3D/4D", is 100x better than 2D thinking, so I could see if some type of 4D or 3D symbolic language were invented, that Scroll would become a much less important investment.
+ - Although I think Scroll is the language currently most alligned with LLMs, something new might arise significantly more aligned with them, which would make Scroll irrelevant.
+ - If the potential applications of Scroll to government and commerce were shown to be irrelevant, then it might show that the Metcalfe's law effect I predict will eventually come to Scroll might never happen.
+
+ ***
+
+ What are some block changes that might cause me to reverse my contrarian position that mitochondrial populations are the root cause of human energy disorders?
+
+ - If it's shown that there is no difference in mitochondrial populations in the same human in different energy states
+ - If a wholly different biological model arises, perhaps with a different organelle, or that looks at things very differently (perhaps with some type of field theory), that explains things better.
+
+
+ //
+ Scroll, the language this blog is written in, is a tool to help scientists develop strong symbolic models^scientists.
+ My hypothesis is that all symbolic models can be represented minimally in Scroll, and thus all models can be discussed as physical blocks linked to each other. The advantage of this is our brains can manipulate physical blocks more efficiently than abstractions.
+ ^scientists I define scientist as anyone, of any age, who engages in the routine of experiment and symbolic model building, honestly and collaboratively.
+
+ //
+ Note: let’s try writing this in Pages, and move it to Scroll afterwords.
+ - how do I hide the toolbar?
+ - The white is a little bright.
+ - Think I’m going to switch to sublime.
+ - Note, when I copy and pasted I didn't get the indents
thePermissionFunction.scroll
Changed around line 38: When the term is 0, there is no Permission Function, and the progress of arts an
- No AGI will waste energy on a Permission Function. AIs that do will be outcompeted.
+ No AGI will waste energy running a Permission Function. AIs that do will be outcompeted.
thePermissionFunction.scroll
Changed around line 38: When the term is 0, there is no Permission Function, and the progress of arts an
- No AGI will waste energy on a Permission Function. An AI that does that is doomed to extinction.
+ No AGI will waste energy on a Permission Function. AIs that do will be outcompeted.
thePermissionFunction.scroll
Changed around line 38: When the term is 0, there is no Permission Function, and the progress of arts an
- There is no way AGI will be wasting all this energy on a Permission Function.
-
- Any AI that does that is doomed to extinction.
+ No AGI will waste energy on a Permission Function. An AI that does that is doomed to extinction.
+ bold
ketones/chemicalBloodTests.tsv
Changed around line 1
- id bottom top chemicalWikipediaPage diagram bloodTestWikipediaPage testAtLab testAtHome testByMail aka canTestAtHome endogenous
- Glucose 3.9 5.6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5793/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar https://www.questhealth.com/product/diabetes-risk-panel-94341M.html https://shop.keto-mojo.com/products/keto-mojo-gk-plus-blood-glucose-ketone-meter-basic-starter-kit true
- Lithium 0.4 1.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lithium_paraffin.jpg/800px-Lithium_paraffin.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_pharmacology#Measurement https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lithium false
- Ketones 0 0.6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/180/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies#Blood_testing https://www.walkinlab.com/products/view/ketone-blood-test https://shop.keto-mojo.com/products/keto-mojo-gk-plus-blood-glucose-ketone-meter-basic-starter-kit true
- Creatinine 0.06 0.12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/588/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/creatinine-blood-test https://www.cvs.com/shop/diathrive-kidney-function-test-strips-15ct-prodid-1170071 true
- Calcium 2.1 2.6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5460341/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Plasma https://www.questhealth.com/product/calcium-test-303M.html false
- HDL Cholesterol 1 1.5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/24775087/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_profile https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lipid-panel https://www.everlywell.com/products/cholesterol-and-lipids-test/ false
- Sodium 136 145 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5360545/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_sodium https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/basic-metabolic-panel false
- Potassium 3.5 5.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5462222/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_potassium_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/potassium-test false
- Chloride 98 107 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/312/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_chloride https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/chloride-blood-test false
- Urea 2.5 7.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1176/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/urea-nitrogen-bun false
- Phosphate 0.81 1.45 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1061/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/phosphorus-test false
- Magnesium 0.66 1.07 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/888/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/magnesium-test false
- Iron 0.01 0.03 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23925/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_iron https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/iron-and-total-iron-binding-capacity-tibc false
- Triglycerides 0.3 1.7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5460048/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/triglycerides-test false
- Albumin 0.57 0.8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_serum_albumin https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/16132389/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_albumin https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/albumin-test false
- Total Protein 0.06 0.08 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Protein_TIM_barrel.png/1920px-Protein_TIM_barrel.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_total_protein https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/total-protein-test false
- Bilirubin 0.003 0.02 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5280352/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/bilirubin-total false
- Alkaline Phosphatase 0.5 1.5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1ALK_Alkaline_Phosphatase.png/800px-1ALK_Alkaline_Phosphatase.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alkaline-phosphatase-alp false
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 0.008 0.04 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/AST_dimer.png/800px-AST_dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/aspartate-aminotransferase-ast false
- Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 0.007 0.056 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Protein_ALT_PDB_1zgy.png/800px-Protein_ALT_PDB_1zgy.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alanine-aminotransferase-alt false
- Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) 0.007 0.05 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-glutamyltransferase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PDB_2z8x_EBI.jpg/800px-PDB_2z8x_EBI.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-glutamyl_transferase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/gamma-glutamyl-transferase-ggt false
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 0.0006 0.005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thyrotropin.png/800px-Thyrotropin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#TSH_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/thyroid-stimulating-hormone-tsh false
- Free Thyroxine (Free T4) 0.012 0.022 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/L-Thyroxine.svg/1920px-L-Thyroxine.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#Free_T4 https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/free-thyroxine-free-t4 false
- Vitamin D 0.05 0.15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cholecalciferol.svg/1920px-Cholecalciferol.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-d-25-hydroxy https://www.everlywell.com/products/vitamin-d-test/ true
- Vitamin B12 0.0002 0.0007 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cobalamin.png/1920px-Cobalamin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-b12 https://www.letsgetchecked.com/us/en/home-vitamin-test/ true
- Folic Acid 0.0067 0.047 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Folic_acid.svg/1920px-Folic_acid.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/folate false
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP) 0.008 0.01 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/C-reactive_protein_pentamer_from_PDB_1b09.png/800px-C-reactive_protein_pentamer_from_PDB_1b09.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/c-reactive-protein-crp-high-sensitivity false
- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 0.04 0.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Westergren_ESR_tube.JPG/800px-Westergren_ESR_tube.JPG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/sedimentation-rate-esr-westergren false
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) 1.67 3.17 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ldh_1i10.png/800px-Ldh_1i10.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh false
- Cortisol 0.14 0.69 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cortisol2.svg/1920px-Cortisol2.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/cortisol-am false
- Testosterone 0.01 0.03 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Testosterone.svg/1920px-Testosterone.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/testosterone-total false
- Estradiol 0.000037 0.000147 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Estradiol.svg/1920px-Estradiol.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/estradiol false
- Progesterone 0.0032 0.086 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Progesteron.svg/1920px-Progesteron.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/progesterone false
- Prolactin 0.000087 0.00019 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Protein_PRL_PDB_1n9d.png/800px-Protein_PRL_PDB_1n9d.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin#Hyperprolactinaemia https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prolactin false
- Ferritin 0.000067 0.0004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ferritin.png/800px-Ferritin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ferritin false
- Homocysteine 0.005 0.015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Homocysteine-2D-skeletal.png/1920px-Homocysteine-2D-skeletal.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine#Blood_tests https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/homocysteine false
- Lipase 0.00012 0.00075 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lipase_1lpa.png/800px-Lipase_1lpa.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lipase false
- Amylase 0.0012 0.0053 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Amylase_1smda.png/800px-Amylase_1smda.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/amylase false
- Ceruloplasmin 0.0015 0.006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Protein_CP_PDB_1kcw.png/800px-Protein_CP_PDB_1kcw.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin#Measurement https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ceruloplasmin false
- Ammonia 0.011 0.051 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ammonia-3D-balls.png/800px-Ammonia-3D-balls.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperammonemia#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ammonia false
- Beta-2 Microglobulin (B2M) 0.001 0.003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/B2MG_dimer.png/800px-B2MG_dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/beta-2-microglobulin-b2m false
- Copper 0.0118 0.0236 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23978/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_health#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/copper-serum false
- Pyruvate 0.03 0.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvic_acid https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/107735/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvic_acid#Blood_test https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8663 false
- Uric Acid 0.18 0.42 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1175/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/uric-acid false
- Zinc 0.0076 0.0153 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23994/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Deficiency https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/zinc false
- Creatine Kinase 0.22 3.33 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Creatine_kinase.png/800px-Creatine_kinase.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/creatine-kinase-ck-cpk false
- Troponin 0 0.0004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Troponin_Complex_2.png/800px-Troponin_Complex_2.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/troponin-i false
- Folate (Serum) 0.0067 0.047 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/135398658/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/folate false
- Vitamin A 0.0007 0.0036 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/445354/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-a false
- Vitamin C 0.023 0.085 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/54670067/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-c false
- Alpha Fetoprotein 0 0.000008 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Protein_AFP_PDB_1e7a.png/800px-Protein_AFP_PDB_1e7a.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alpha-fetoprotein-tumor-marker false
- Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) 0 0.005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chorionic_gonadotropin_PDB_1hrp.png/800px-Chorionic_gonadotropin_PDB_1hrp.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/hcg-quantitative-pregnancy true
- CA19.9 0 0.000037 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA19-9 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CA19-9.svg/1920px-CA19-9.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA19-9#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/cancer-antigen-19-9 false
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) 0 0.0000025 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Protein_CEA_PDB_2qy0.png/800px-Protein_CEA_PDB_2qy0.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/carcinoembryonic-antigen-cea false
- Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) 0 0.002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic_acid_phosphatase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Protein_ACPP_PDB_1nd6.png/800px-Protein_ACPP_PDB_1nd6.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic_acid_phosphatase#Medical_uses https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prostatic-acid-phosphatase-pap false
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) 0 0.004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Protein_KLK3_PDB_2zch.png/800px-Protein_KLK3_PDB_2zch.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prostate-specific-antigen-psa-total false
- Alpha 1-Antitrypsin 0.02 0.048 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_antitrypsin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Protein_SERPINA1_PDB_1hp7.png/800px-Protein_SERPINA1_PDB_1hp7.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alpha-1-antitrypsin false
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 0.01 0.085 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Protein_ACE_PDB_2c6f.png/800px-Protein_ACE_PDB_2c6f.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-ace false
- D-Dimer 0 0.0005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-dimer https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fibrin_fragment_D-dimer.png/800px-Fibrin_fragment_D-dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-dimer_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/d-dimer-quantitative false
- Lead 0 0.00024 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5352425/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lead false
- Rheumatoid Factor 0 0.015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IgM_Pentamer.svg/1280px-IgM_Pentamer.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/rheumatoid-factor false
- Triiodothyronine (T3) 0.0012 0.003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5920/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#T3 https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/t3-total false
- Acetoacetate 0.004 0.043 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/96/PNG false
- Acetone 0.003 0.02 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone false
- Acetylcholine 0.0000066 0.0000082 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine false
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 2.5e-8 1.2e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone false
- Alanine 0.000024 0.000076 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine false
- Aluminum 1e-8 8.8e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium false
- Aldosterone 3e-9 3e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone false
- alpha-Aminobutyric acid 0.000001 0.000002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Aminobutyric_acid false
- δ-Aminolevulinic acid 1.5e-7 2.3e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid false
- Ammonia 1e-7 4.9e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia false
- Androstenedione 2e-10 3e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstenedione false
- Androsterone 1.5e-7 1.5e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androsterone false
- Angiotensin I 1.1e-11 8.8e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_I false
- Angiotensin II 1.2e-12 3.6e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_II false
- Arginine 0.000013 0.000036 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine false
- Arsenic 2e-9 0.0000093 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic false
- Aspartic acid 0.000009 0.000012 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid false
- Bile acids 0.000003 0.00003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid false
- Biotin 9e-9 1.6e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin false
- Bradykinin 7e-11 7e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin false
- Bromide 7e-9 1e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide false
- Cadmium 1e-9 0.000003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium false
- Calcitonin 1e-10 1e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonin false
- Carcinoembryonic antigen 0 2.5e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen false
- beta-Carotene 3e-7 0.0000025 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene false
- Ceruloplasmin 0.00015 0.0006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin false
- Cholecystokinin 6.04e-11 6.04e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystokinin false
- Citric acid 0.000016 0.000032 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid false
- Citrulline 0.000002 0.00001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrulline false
- Compound S 1e-9 3e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-Hydroxypregnenolone false
- Corticosterone 4e-9 2e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosterone false
- C-peptide 5e-10 4e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecting_peptide false
- Cyanide 4e-9 0.000001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide false
- Cysteine 0.000018 0.00005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine false
- Dehydroepiandrosterone 2e-10 2e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone false
- Dihydrotestosterone 1e-9 8e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone false
- 11-Deoxycortisol 1e-8 7e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol false
- Dopamine 0 1.36e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine false
- Epidermal growth factor 0 1e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor false
- Ergothioneine 0.00001 0.00002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergothioneine false
- Erythropoietin 5e-10 8e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin false
- Estriol 0 0.00017 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estriol false
- Estrone 2.9e-9 1e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrone false
- alpha-1-Fetoprotein 0 2e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein false
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide 8e-8 1.2e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide false
- Fluoride 1e-7 4.5e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride false
- Fructose 0.00007 0.00008 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose false
- Furosemide glucuronide 0.000001 0.0004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide false
- Galactose 0 0.0002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose false
- Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) 1.25e-10 4e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide false
- Gastrin 0 2e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin false
- Glucosamine 0.00042 0.00089 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine false
- Glucuronic acid 0.000008 0.000011 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronic_acid false
- Glutamic acid 0.000002 0.000028 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid false
- Glutamine 0.000046 0.000106 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine false
- Glutathione 0.00025 0.00041 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione false
- Glycerol 0.0000029 0.0000172 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol false
- Glycogen 0.000012 0.000162 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen false
- Cyclic GMP 6e-10 4.4e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate false
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1e-12 8e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone false
- Guanidine 0.0000018 0.0000023 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidine false
- Haptoglobin 0.0003 0.0022 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptoglobin false
- Hemoglobin 0.12 0.195 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin false
- Histamine 6.7e-8 8.6e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine false
- beta-Hydroxybutyric acid 0.000001 0.000009 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxybutyric_acid false
- 17α-Hydroxycorticosteroids 4e-8 1e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-Hydroxycorticosteroid false
- 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 4e-12 3e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-Hydroxyprogesterone false
- Indican 8e-7 0.000005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indican false
- Insulin-like growth factor 9.9e-9 0.000005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1 false
- alpha-Ketonic acids 0.000001 0.00003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ketonic_acid false
- Leptin 1.2e-9 1.2e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin false
- Lecithin 0.001 0.00225 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin false
- Lipoprotein 0.0001 0.001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein false
- Lysozyme 0.000001 0.000015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysozyme false
- Malic acid 0.000001 0.000009 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malic_acid false
- Melatonin (Day) 1.35e-12 1.45e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin false
- Melatonin (Night) 6.07e-12 7.13e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin false
- Mercury 0 2e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element) false
- Methemoglobin 0.0004 0.0006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobin false
- Methyl guanidine 0.000002 0.000003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylguanidine false
- Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha 2.3e-10 2.3e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL3 false
- Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta 9e-10 9e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL4 false
- Mucopolysaccharides 0.00175 0.00225 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan false
- Mucoproteins 0.000865 0.00096 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucoprotein false
- Niacin 2e-7 0.000015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin false
- Norepinephrine (after 15 min rest) 2.15e-10 4.75e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine false
- Norepinephrine (when emitted) 8.1e-9 8.5e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine false
- Nucleotide 0.00031 0.00052 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide false
- Ornithine 0.000004 0.000014 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine false
- Oxytocin (male) 2e-12 2e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin false
- Oxytocin (female, nonlactating) 2e-12 2e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin false
- Oxytocin (female, pregnant 33-40 wks) 3.2e-10 4.8e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin false
- Pancreatic polypeptide 5e-11 2e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide false
- Pantothenic acid 6e-8 3.5e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid false
- Para-aminobenzoic acid 3e-8 4e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Aminobenzoic_acid false
- Pentose 0.00002 0.000023 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentose false
- Phenol 7e-7 0.000001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol false
- Phenylalanine 0.000011 0.00004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine false
- Phospholipid 0.00005 0.00012 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid false
- Phosphorus inorganic, adult 0.000023 0.000045 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus false
- Phosphorus inorganic, children 0.00004 0.00007 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus false
- Phosphorus total 0.0001 0.00015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus false
- Phytanic acid 0 0.000003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytanic_acid false
- Platelet-derived growth factor 0 5e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor false
- Polysaccharides total 0.000073 0.000131 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide false
- Pregnenolone 3e-10 2e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnenolone false
- Progesterone (female, follicular) 4e-10 9e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Progesterone (female, midluteal) 7.7e-9 1.21e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 16-18) 3e-9 6.6e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 28-30) 7e-8 1.26e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 38-40) 1.31e-7 2.27e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Progesterone (male) 1.2e-8 2e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone false
- Proinsulin fasting 5e-10 5e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsulin false
- Proinsulin mean 1.42e-8 1.7e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsulin false
- Prolactin (male, awake) 1e-9 7e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin false
- Prolactin (male, during sleep) 9e-9 2e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin false
- Prolactin (female, follicular) 0 2.3e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin false
- Prolactin (female, luteal) 5e-9 4e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin false
- Proline 0.000012 0.000057 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline false
- Prostaglandin PGE 3.55e-11 4.15e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2 false
- Prostaglandin PGF 1.26e-11 1.56e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_F2alpha false
- 15-keto-PGF2a 0 5e-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-Keto-prostaglandin_F2alpha false
- 15-keto-PGE2 0 5e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-Keto-prostaglandin_E2 false
- Protein total 0.06 0.083 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein false
- Protoporphyrin 2.7e-7 6.1e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoporphyrin false
- Pseudoglobulin I 0.008 0.019 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoglobulin false
- Pseudoglobulin II 0.002 0.008 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoglobulin false
- Purine total 0.0000095 0.0000115 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine false
- Pyrimidine nucleotides 2e-7 0.0000012 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine false
- Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) 3.6e-9 9e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxine false
- RANTES 0 7e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL5 false
- Relaxin (day <100 preparturition) 0 2e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin false
- Relaxin (day 100 to 2 days preceding parturition) 5e-9 4e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin false
- Relaxin (day preceding parturition) 0.0001 0.0002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin false
- Relaxin (day following parturition) 0 2e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin false
- Retinol (Vitamin A) 1e-7 8e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol false
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 2.6e-8 3.7e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin false
- RNA 0.00004 0.00006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA false
- Secretin 2.9e-11 4.5e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin false
- Serine 0.000003 0.00002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine false
- Silicon 0.0000022 0.0000057 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon false
- Solids, total 0.08 0.09 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids false
- Somatotropin (growth hormone) 4e-10 1.4e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone false
- Sphingomyelin 0.001 0.004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin false
- Succinic acid 0.000005 0.000005 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic_acid false
- Sugar, total 0.0007 0.0011 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar false
- Sulfates inorganic 0.000008 0.000012 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate false
- Sulfur total 0.031 0.038 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur false
- Taurine 0.000003 0.000021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine false
- Testosterone (male, free) 5.6e-9 1.02e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone false
- Testosterone (male, total) 2.75e-8 8.75e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone false
- Testosterone (female, free) 2.4e-12 3.8e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone false
- Testosterone (female, total) 2.3e-9 7.5e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone false
- Testosterone (female, pregnant) 3.8e-9 1.9e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone false
- Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 1e-8 9e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine false
- Thiocyanate (nonsmoker) 0.000001 0.000004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanate false
- Thiocyanate (smoker) 0.000003 0.000012 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanate false
- Threonine 9e-8 3.2e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine false
- Thyroglobulin (Tg) 0 5e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroglobulin false
- Thyroid hormones 4e-8 8e-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormone false
- Thyroxine (FT4, free) 8e-12 2.4e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine false
- Thyroxine (FT4, total) 4e-8 1.2e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine false
- Thyroxine-binding prealbumin 0.00028 0.00035 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transthyretin false
- Thyroxine-binding globulin 1e-7 3.4e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine-binding_globulin false
- Tin 0 1e-7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin false
- alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 0.000005 0.00002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherol false
- Transcortin (male) 0.000015 0.00002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcortin false
- Transcortin (female) 0.000016 0.000025 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcortin false
- Transferrin (newborn) 0.0013 0.00275 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin false
- Transferrin (adult) 0.0022 0.004 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin false
- Transferrin (age >60 yrs) 0.0018 0.0038 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin false
- Triiodothyronine (free) 2.3e-12 6.6e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine false
- Triiodothyronine (total, T3) 7.5e-10 2.5e-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine false
- Tryptophan 0.000009 0.00003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan false
- Tyrosine 0.000004 0.000025 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine false
- Uric acid (child) 0.00002 0.0000067 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid false
- Uric acid (adult, male) 0.000034 0.0000072 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid false
- Uric acid (adult, female) 0.000024 0.0000061 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid false
- Valine 0.0000017 0.0000042 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine false
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 6e-12 1.6e-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide false
- Vasopressin (hydrated) 4.5e-13 4.5e-13 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin false
- Vasopressin (dehydrated) 3.7e-12 3.7e-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin false
- Valproic acid 0.195 0.488 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproic_acid Valproate false
- Lamotrigine 0.00586 0.0391 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine Lamictal false
- Carbamazepine 0.01693 0.05078 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine Tegretol false
- Olanzapine 0.00006401 0.00012803 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine Zyprexa false
- Quetiapine 0.0002608 0.0026077 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine Seroquel false
- Risperidone 0.00004873 0.00014619 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone Risperdal false
- Aripiprazole 0.0003352 0.0011174 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole Abilify false
- Ziprasidone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone Geodon false
- Lurasidone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone Latuda false
- Asenapine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine Saphris false
- Cariprazine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariprazine Vraylar false
- Paliperidone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone Invega false
- Oxcarbazepine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxcarbazepine Trileptal false
- Topiramate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiramate Topamax false
- Gabapentin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin Neurontin false
- Clozapine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine Clozaril false
- Haloperidol https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol Haldol false
- Chlorpromazine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine Thorazine false
- Venlafaxine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine Effexor false
- Fluoxetine 0.0003879 0.0016163 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine Prozac false
- Bupropion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion Wellbutrin false
- Sertraline https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline Zoloft false
- Paroxetine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine Paxil false
- Escitalopram https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram Lexapro false
- Duloxetine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine Cymbalta false
- Modafinil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil Provigil false
+ id bottom top canTestAtHome endogenous chemicalWikipediaPage diagram aka bloodTestWikipediaPage testAtLab testAtHome testByMail
+ Glucose 3.9 5.6 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5793/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar https://www.questhealth.com/product/diabetes-risk-panel-94341M.html https://shop.keto-mojo.com/products/keto-mojo-gk-plus-blood-glucose-ketone-meter-basic-starter-kit
+ Lithium 0.4 1.2 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lithium_paraffin.jpg/800px-Lithium_paraffin.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_pharmacology#Measurement https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lithium
+ Ketones 0 0.6 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/180/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone_bodies#Blood_testing https://www.walkinlab.com/products/view/ketone-blood-test https://shop.keto-mojo.com/products/keto-mojo-gk-plus-blood-glucose-ketone-meter-basic-starter-kit
+ Creatinine 0.06 0.12 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/588/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/creatinine-blood-test https://www.cvs.com/shop/diathrive-kidney-function-test-strips-15ct-prodid-1170071
+ Calcium 2.1 2.6 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5460341/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Plasma https://www.questhealth.com/product/calcium-test-303M.html
+ HDL Cholesterol 1 1.5 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/24775087/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_profile https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lipid-panel https://www.everlywell.com/products/cholesterol-and-lipids-test/
+ Sodium 136 145 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5360545/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_sodium https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/basic-metabolic-panel
+ Potassium 3.5 5.1 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5462222/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_potassium_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/potassium-test
+ Chloride 98 107 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/312/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_chloride https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/chloride-blood-test
+ Urea 2.5 7.1 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1176/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/urea-nitrogen-bun
+ Phosphate 0.81 1.45 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1061/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/phosphorus-test
+ Magnesium 0.66 1.07 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/888/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/magnesium-test
+ Iron 0.01 0.03 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23925/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_iron https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/iron-and-total-iron-binding-capacity-tibc
+ Triglycerides 0.3 1.7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5460048/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/triglycerides-test
+ Albumin 0.57 0.8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_serum_albumin https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/16132389/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_albumin https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/albumin-test
+ Total Protein 0.06 0.08 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Protein_TIM_barrel.png/1920px-Protein_TIM_barrel.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_total_protein https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/total-protein-test
+ Bilirubin 0.003 0.02 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5280352/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/bilirubin-total
+ Alkaline Phosphatase 0.5 1.5 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1ALK_Alkaline_Phosphatase.png/800px-1ALK_Alkaline_Phosphatase.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alkaline-phosphatase-alp
+ Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 0.008 0.04 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/AST_dimer.png/800px-AST_dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/aspartate-aminotransferase-ast
+ Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 0.007 0.056 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Protein_ALT_PDB_1zgy.png/800px-Protein_ALT_PDB_1zgy.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alanine-aminotransferase-alt
+ Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) 0.007 0.05 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-glutamyltransferase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PDB_2z8x_EBI.jpg/800px-PDB_2z8x_EBI.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-glutamyl_transferase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/gamma-glutamyl-transferase-ggt
+ Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 0.0006 0.005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thyrotropin.png/800px-Thyrotropin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#TSH_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/thyroid-stimulating-hormone-tsh
+ Free Thyroxine (Free T4) 0.012 0.022 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/L-Thyroxine.svg/1920px-L-Thyroxine.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#Free_T4 https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/free-thyroxine-free-t4
+ Vitamin D 0.05 0.15 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cholecalciferol.svg/1920px-Cholecalciferol.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-d-25-hydroxy https://www.everlywell.com/products/vitamin-d-test/
+ Vitamin B12 0.0002 0.0007 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cobalamin.png/1920px-Cobalamin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-b12 https://www.letsgetchecked.com/us/en/home-vitamin-test/
+ Folic Acid 0.0067 0.047 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Folic_acid.svg/1920px-Folic_acid.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/folate
+ C-Reactive Protein (CRP) 0.008 0.01 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/C-reactive_protein_pentamer_from_PDB_1b09.png/800px-C-reactive_protein_pentamer_from_PDB_1b09.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/c-reactive-protein-crp-high-sensitivity
+ Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) 0.04 0.2 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Westergren_ESR_tube.JPG/800px-Westergren_ESR_tube.JPG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/sedimentation-rate-esr-westergren
+ Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) 1.67 3.17 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ldh_1i10.png/800px-Ldh_1i10.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh
+ Cortisol 0.14 0.69 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cortisol2.svg/1920px-Cortisol2.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/cortisol-am
+ Testosterone 0.01 0.03 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Testosterone.svg/1920px-Testosterone.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone#Testing https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/testosterone-total
+ Estradiol 0.000037 0.000147 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Estradiol.svg/1920px-Estradiol.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/estradiol
+ Progesterone 0.0032 0.086 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Progesteron.svg/1920px-Progesteron.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/progesterone
+ Prolactin 0.000087 0.00019 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Protein_PRL_PDB_1n9d.png/800px-Protein_PRL_PDB_1n9d.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin#Hyperprolactinaemia https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prolactin
+ Ferritin 0.000067 0.0004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ferritin.png/800px-Ferritin.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ferritin
+ Homocysteine 0.005 0.015 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Homocysteine-2D-skeletal.png/1920px-Homocysteine-2D-skeletal.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine#Blood_tests https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/homocysteine
+ Lipase 0.00012 0.00075 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lipase_1lpa.png/800px-Lipase_1lpa.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipase_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lipase
+ Amylase 0.0012 0.0053 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Amylase_1smda.png/800px-Amylase_1smda.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/amylase
+ Ceruloplasmin 0.0015 0.006 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Protein_CP_PDB_1kcw.png/800px-Protein_CP_PDB_1kcw.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin#Measurement https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ceruloplasmin
+ Ammonia 0.011 0.051 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ammonia-3D-balls.png/800px-Ammonia-3D-balls.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperammonemia#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/ammonia
+ Beta-2 Microglobulin (B2M) 0.001 0.003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/B2MG_dimer.png/800px-B2MG_dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/beta-2-microglobulin-b2m
+ Copper 0.0118 0.0236 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23978/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_health#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/copper-serum
+ Pyruvate 0.03 0.1 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvic_acid https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/107735/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvic_acid#Blood_test https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8663
+ Uric Acid 0.18 0.42 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/1175/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/uric-acid
+ Zinc 0.0076 0.0153 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23994/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Deficiency https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/zinc
+ Creatine Kinase 0.22 3.33 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Creatine_kinase.png/800px-Creatine_kinase.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/creatine-kinase-ck-cpk
+ Troponin 0 0.0004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Troponin_Complex_2.png/800px-Troponin_Complex_2.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/troponin-i
+ Folate (Serum) 0.0067 0.047 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/135398658/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/folate
+ Vitamin A 0.0007 0.0036 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/445354/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-a
+ Vitamin C 0.023 0.085 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/54670067/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/vitamin-c
+ Alpha Fetoprotein 0 0.000008 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Protein_AFP_PDB_1e7a.png/800px-Protein_AFP_PDB_1e7a.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alpha-fetoprotein-tumor-marker
+ Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) 0 0.005 true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Chorionic_gonadotropin_PDB_1hrp.png/800px-Chorionic_gonadotropin_PDB_1hrp.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/hcg-quantitative-pregnancy
+ CA19.9 0 0.000037 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA19-9 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CA19-9.svg/1920px-CA19-9.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA19-9#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/cancer-antigen-19-9
+ Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) 0 0.0000025 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Protein_CEA_PDB_2qy0.png/800px-Protein_CEA_PDB_2qy0.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/carcinoembryonic-antigen-cea
+ Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) 0 0.002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic_acid_phosphatase https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Protein_ACPP_PDB_1nd6.png/800px-Protein_ACPP_PDB_1nd6.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic_acid_phosphatase#Medical_uses https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prostatic-acid-phosphatase-pap
+ Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) 0 0.004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Protein_KLK3_PDB_2zch.png/800px-Protein_KLK3_PDB_2zch.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/prostate-specific-antigen-psa-total
+ Alpha 1-Antitrypsin 0.02 0.048 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_antitrypsin https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Protein_SERPINA1_PDB_1hp7.png/800px-Protein_SERPINA1_PDB_1hp7.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiency#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/alpha-1-antitrypsin
+ Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 0.01 0.085 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Protein_ACE_PDB_2c6f.png/800px-Protein_ACE_PDB_2c6f.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-ace
+ D-Dimer 0 0.0005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-dimer https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fibrin_fragment_D-dimer.png/800px-Fibrin_fragment_D-dimer.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-dimer_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/d-dimer-quantitative
+ Lead 0 0.00024 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5352425/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Diagnosis https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/lead
+ Rheumatoid Factor 0 0.015 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IgM_Pentamer.svg/1280px-IgM_Pentamer.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor#Blood_test https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/rheumatoid-factor
+ Triiodothyronine (T3) 0.0012 0.003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/5920/PNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests#T3 https://www.ondemand.labcorp.com/lab-tests/t3-total
+ Acetoacetate 0.004 0.043 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetate https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/96/PNG
+ Acetone 0.003 0.02 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone
+ Acetylcholine 0.0000066 0.0000082 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine
+ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 2.5e-8 1.2e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone
+ Alanine 0.000024 0.000076 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine
+ Aluminum 1e-8 8.8e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium
+ Aldosterone 3e-9 3e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone
+ alpha-Aminobutyric acid 0.000001 0.000002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Aminobutyric_acid
+ δ-Aminolevulinic acid 1.5e-7 2.3e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid
+ Ammonia 1e-7 4.9e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia
+ Androstenedione 2e-10 3e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstenedione
+ Androsterone 1.5e-7 1.5e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androsterone
+ Angiotensin I 1.1e-11 8.8e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_I
+ Angiotensin II 1.2e-12 3.6e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_II
+ Arginine 0.000013 0.000036 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine
+ Arsenic 2e-9 0.0000093 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic
+ Aspartic acid 0.000009 0.000012 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid
+ Bile acids 0.000003 0.00003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid
+ Biotin 9e-9 1.6e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin
+ Bradykinin 7e-11 7e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin
+ Bromide 7e-9 1e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide
+ Cadmium 1e-9 0.000003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium
+ Calcitonin 1e-10 1e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonin
+ Carcinoembryonic antigen 0 2.5e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen
+ beta-Carotene 3e-7 0.0000025 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene
+ Ceruloplasmin 0.00015 0.0006 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin
+ Cholecystokinin 6.04e-11 6.04e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystokinin
+ Citric acid 0.000016 0.000032 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid
+ Citrulline 0.000002 0.00001 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrulline
+ Compound S 1e-9 3e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-Hydroxypregnenolone
+ Corticosterone 4e-9 2e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosterone
+ C-peptide 5e-10 4e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecting_peptide
+ Cyanide 4e-9 0.000001 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide
+ Cysteine 0.000018 0.00005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine
+ Dehydroepiandrosterone 2e-10 2e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone
+ Dihydrotestosterone 1e-9 8e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone
+ 11-Deoxycortisol 1e-8 7e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol
+ Dopamine 0 1.36e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine
+ Epidermal growth factor 0 1e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor
+ Ergothioneine 0.00001 0.00002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergothioneine
+ Erythropoietin 5e-10 8e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin
+ Estriol 0 0.00017 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estriol
+ Estrone 2.9e-9 1e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrone
+ alpha-1-Fetoprotein 0 2e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein
+ Flavin adenine dinucleotide 8e-8 1.2e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide
+ Fluoride 1e-7 4.5e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride
+ Fructose 0.00007 0.00008 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose
+ Furosemide glucuronide 0.000001 0.0004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide
+ Galactose 0 0.0002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose
+ Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) 1.25e-10 4e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide
+ Gastrin 0 2e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin
+ Glucosamine 0.00042 0.00089 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine
+ Glucuronic acid 0.000008 0.000011 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronic_acid
+ Glutamic acid 0.000002 0.000028 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid
+ Glutamine 0.000046 0.000106 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine
+ Glutathione 0.00025 0.00041 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione
+ Glycerol 0.0000029 0.0000172 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol
+ Glycogen 0.000012 0.000162 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen
+ Cyclic GMP 6e-10 4.4e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate
+ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1e-12 8e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone
+ Guanidine 0.0000018 0.0000023 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidine
+ Haptoglobin 0.0003 0.0022 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptoglobin
+ Hemoglobin 0.12 0.195 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin
+ Histamine 6.7e-8 8.6e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine
+ beta-Hydroxybutyric acid 0.000001 0.000009 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxybutyric_acid
+ 17α-Hydroxycorticosteroids 4e-8 1e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-Hydroxycorticosteroid
+ 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 4e-12 3e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-Hydroxyprogesterone
+ Indican 8e-7 0.000005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indican
+ Insulin-like growth factor 9.9e-9 0.000005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1
+ alpha-Ketonic acids 0.000001 0.00003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ketonic_acid
+ Leptin 1.2e-9 1.2e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin
+ Lecithin 0.001 0.00225 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin
+ Lipoprotein 0.0001 0.001 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein
+ Lysozyme 0.000001 0.000015 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysozyme
+ Malic acid 0.000001 0.000009 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malic_acid
+ Melatonin (Day) 1.35e-12 1.45e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin
+ Melatonin (Night) 6.07e-12 7.13e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin
+ Mercury 0 2e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)
+ Methemoglobin 0.0004 0.0006 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobin
+ Methyl guanidine 0.000002 0.000003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylguanidine
+ Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha 2.3e-10 2.3e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL3
+ Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta 9e-10 9e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL4
+ Mucopolysaccharides 0.00175 0.00225 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan
+ Mucoproteins 0.000865 0.00096 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucoprotein
+ Niacin 2e-7 0.000015 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin
+ Norepinephrine (after 15 min rest) 2.15e-10 4.75e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine
+ Norepinephrine (when emitted) 8.1e-9 8.5e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine
+ Nucleotide 0.00031 0.00052 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide
+ Ornithine 0.000004 0.000014 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine
+ Oxytocin (male) 2e-12 2e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin
+ Oxytocin (female, nonlactating) 2e-12 2e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin
+ Oxytocin (female, pregnant 33-40 wks) 3.2e-10 4.8e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin
+ Pancreatic polypeptide 5e-11 2e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide
+ Pantothenic acid 6e-8 3.5e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid
+ Para-aminobenzoic acid 3e-8 4e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Aminobenzoic_acid
+ Pentose 0.00002 0.000023 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentose
+ Phenol 7e-7 0.000001 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol
+ Phenylalanine 0.000011 0.00004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine
+ Phospholipid 0.00005 0.00012 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid
+ Phosphorus inorganic, adult 0.000023 0.000045 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus
+ Phosphorus inorganic, children 0.00004 0.00007 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus
+ Phosphorus total 0.0001 0.00015 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus
+ Phytanic acid 0 0.000003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytanic_acid
+ Platelet-derived growth factor 0 5e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor
+ Polysaccharides total 0.000073 0.000131 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide
+ Pregnenolone 3e-10 2e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnenolone
+ Progesterone (female, follicular) 4e-10 9e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Progesterone (female, midluteal) 7.7e-9 1.21e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 16-18) 3e-9 6.6e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 28-30) 7e-8 1.26e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Progesterone (pregnancy, weeks 38-40) 1.31e-7 2.27e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Progesterone (male) 1.2e-8 2e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone
+ Proinsulin fasting 5e-10 5e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsulin
+ Proinsulin mean 1.42e-8 1.7e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsulin
+ Prolactin (male, awake) 1e-9 7e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin
+ Prolactin (male, during sleep) 9e-9 2e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin
+ Prolactin (female, follicular) 0 2.3e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin
+ Prolactin (female, luteal) 5e-9 4e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin
+ Proline 0.000012 0.000057 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline
+ Prostaglandin PGE 3.55e-11 4.15e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2
+ Prostaglandin PGF 1.26e-11 1.56e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_F2alpha
+ 15-keto-PGF2a 0 5e-10 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-Keto-prostaglandin_F2alpha
+ 15-keto-PGE2 0 5e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-Keto-prostaglandin_E2
+ Protein total 0.06 0.083 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein
+ Protoporphyrin 2.7e-7 6.1e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoporphyrin
+ Pseudoglobulin I 0.008 0.019 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoglobulin
+ Pseudoglobulin II 0.002 0.008 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoglobulin
+ Purine total 0.0000095 0.0000115 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine
+ Pyrimidine nucleotides 2e-7 0.0000012 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine
+ Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) 3.6e-9 9e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxine
+ RANTES 0 7e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL5
+ Relaxin (day <100 preparturition) 0 2e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin
+ Relaxin (day 100 to 2 days preceding parturition) 5e-9 4e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin
+ Relaxin (day preceding parturition) 0.0001 0.0002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin
+ Relaxin (day following parturition) 0 2e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin
+ Retinol (Vitamin A) 1e-7 8e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol
+ Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 2.6e-8 3.7e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin
+ RNA 0.00004 0.00006 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA
+ Secretin 2.9e-11 4.5e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin
+ Serine 0.000003 0.00002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine
+ Silicon 0.0000022 0.0000057 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon
+ Solids, total 0.08 0.09 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids
+ Somatotropin (growth hormone) 4e-10 1.4e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone
+ Sphingomyelin 0.001 0.004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin
+ Succinic acid 0.000005 0.000005 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinic_acid
+ Sugar, total 0.0007 0.0011 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar
+ Sulfates inorganic 0.000008 0.000012 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate
+ Sulfur total 0.031 0.038 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur
+ Taurine 0.000003 0.000021 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine
+ Testosterone (male, free) 5.6e-9 1.02e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone
+ Testosterone (male, total) 2.75e-8 8.75e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone
+ Testosterone (female, free) 2.4e-12 3.8e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone
+ Testosterone (female, total) 2.3e-9 7.5e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone
+ Testosterone (female, pregnant) 3.8e-9 1.9e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone
+ Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 1e-8 9e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine
+ Thiocyanate (nonsmoker) 0.000001 0.000004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanate
+ Thiocyanate (smoker) 0.000003 0.000012 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanate
+ Threonine 9e-8 3.2e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine
+ Thyroglobulin (Tg) 0 5e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroglobulin
+ Thyroid hormones 4e-8 8e-8 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormone
+ Thyroxine (FT4, free) 8e-12 2.4e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine
+ Thyroxine (FT4, total) 4e-8 1.2e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine
+ Thyroxine-binding prealbumin 0.00028 0.00035 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transthyretin
+ Thyroxine-binding globulin 1e-7 3.4e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine-binding_globulin
+ Tin 0 1e-7 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
+ alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 0.000005 0.00002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherol
+ Transcortin (male) 0.000015 0.00002 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcortin
+ Transcortin (female) 0.000016 0.000025 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcortin
+ Transferrin (newborn) 0.0013 0.00275 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin
+ Transferrin (adult) 0.0022 0.004 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin
+ Transferrin (age >60 yrs) 0.0018 0.0038 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin
+ Triiodothyronine (free) 2.3e-12 6.6e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine
+ Triiodothyronine (total, T3) 7.5e-10 2.5e-9 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine
+ Tryptophan 0.000009 0.00003 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan
+ Tyrosine 0.000004 0.000025 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine
+ Uric acid (child) 0.00002 0.0000067 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid
+ Uric acid (adult, male) 0.000034 0.0000072 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid
+ Uric acid (adult, female) 0.000024 0.0000061 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid
+ Valine 0.0000017 0.0000042 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine
+ Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 6e-12 1.6e-11 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide
+ Vasopressin (hydrated) 4.5e-13 4.5e-13 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin
+ Vasopressin (dehydrated) 3.7e-12 3.7e-12 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin
+ Valproic acid 0.195 0.488 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproic_acid Valproate
+ Lamotrigine 0.00586 0.0391 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine Lamictal
+ Carbamazepine 0.01693 0.05078 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine Tegretol
+ Olanzapine 0.00006401 0.00012803 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine Zyprexa
+ Quetiapine 0.0002608 0.0026077 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine Seroquel
+ Risperidone 0.00004873 0.00014619 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone Risperdal
+ Aripiprazole 0.0003352 0.0011174 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole Abilify
+ Ziprasidone false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone Geodon
+ Lurasidone false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone Latuda
+ Asenapine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine Saphris
+ Cariprazine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariprazine Vraylar
+ Paliperidone false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone Invega
+ Oxcarbazepine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxcarbazepine Trileptal
+ Topiramate false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiramate Topamax
+ Gabapentin false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin Neurontin
+ Clozapine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine Clozaril
+ Haloperidol false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloperidol Haldol
+ Chlorpromazine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine Thorazine
+ Venlafaxine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlafaxine Effexor
+ Fluoxetine 0.0003879 0.0016163 false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine Prozac
+ Bupropion false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupropion Wellbutrin
+ Sertraline false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline Zoloft
+ Paroxetine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine Paxil
+ Escitalopram false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram Lexapro
+ Duloxetine false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine Cymbalta
+ Modafinil false https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil Provigil
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Changed around line 26: The 157 pages of source code contain zero mentions of Kemeny, Kurtz or Dartmouth
+ center
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Changed around line 24: To celebrate its 50th, Microsoft released the source code to their first product
+ ****
+
+ Related posts
+ freedom.html
+
basic.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 4/10/2025
+ tags All IntellectualFreedom
+ title A funny thing about the original Microsoft Source Code
+
+ singleHeader.scroll
+ printDate
+
+ In 1976, Bill Gates accused computer users of "stealing" software.
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists accused
+
+ ***
+
+ BASIC is a language created at Dartmouth in 1964 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz.
+ https://pldb.io/concepts/basic.html BASIC
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Kemeny John Kemeny
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Kurtz Thomas Kurtz
+
+ To celebrate its 50th, Microsoft released the source code to their first product, Altair BASIC, written in 1975.
+ https://www.gatesnotes.com/home/home-page-topic/reader/microsoft-original-source-code celebrate
+ https://github.com/microsoft/GW-BASIC source code
+ https://pldb.io/concepts/altair-basic.html Altair BASIC
+
+ ***
+
+ The 157 pages of source code contain zero mentions of Kemeny, Kurtz or Dartmouth.
+
+ footer.scroll
package.json
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- "scroll-cli": "^175.1.0"
+ "scroll-cli": "^177.0.0"
emailBanner.scroll
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- }
+ }
honestWork.scroll
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- // do the best you can when in a dishonest system
+ // do the best you can when in a dishonest system
short.scroll
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+ tags categoryPages
- tags categoryPages
emailBanner.scroll
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- class closeBannerButton
+ class closeBannerButton
2024.scroll
Changed around line 117: Thanks for reading.
- Breck
-
aaron.scroll
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-
-
-
about.scroll
Changed around line 9: You can find me on github or contact me via email. breck7 at google's awesome ma
-
asWeMayThink.scroll
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- theme gazette
-
+ theme gazette
bipolarOnion.scroll
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copyrightIsDishonest.scroll
Changed around line 68: I salute and lend my hands to the honest men who contribute symbols to the great
-
greatestPrompt.scroll
Changed around line 4: title The Greatest Prompt in the World
-
how-the-public-domain-can-win.scroll
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- replace KEYMESSAGE Public domain products are strictly superior to equivalent non-public domain alternatives by a significant margin on three dimensions: trust, speed, and cost to build.
+ replace KEYMESSAGE Public domain products are strictly superior to equivalent non-public domain alternatives by a significant margin on three dimensions: trust, speed, and cost to build.
iThoughtWeCouldBuildAIExpertsByHand.scroll
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-
ifa.scroll
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- redirectTo aaron.html
+ redirectTo aaron.html
lab.scroll
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- replace COMMITMENT 31
- replace PRICE $499,999
+ replace COMMITMENT 31
+ replace PRICE $499,999
market.scroll
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-
mathematics.scroll
Changed around line 74: mathematics/euclid.png
- On Proof and Progress in Mathematics (1994)
-
microverses.scroll
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+
nanoideas.scroll
Changed around line 42: There is nothing wrong with having big ideas. But sometimes the best way to mate
- High Impact Thoughts (2024)
-
optimizingForTruth.scroll
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-
scales.scroll
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+ keywords scales measurements metrics dimensions comparibility
- keywords scales measurements metrics dimensions comparibility
Changed around line 88: I just want to make sure I am deliberately thinking enough about them. If you me
-
science.scroll
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+ openGraphImage WhatScienceMayBe.jpg
Changed around line 16: pdf | txt
- openGraphImage WhatScienceMayBe.jpg
-
singleHeader.scroll
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- printTitle
+ printTitle
standardPost.scroll
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- footer
+ moveToFooter
thinkingInParsers.scroll
Changed around line 210: From an XML perspective, think of Parsers as XML with a much slimmer syntax and
-
trust.scroll
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-
tsort.scroll
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-
whatIsParticles.scroll
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-
whyDefineANewLanguage.scroll
Changed around line 18: Too few restrictions and someone can write anything, yet communicate nothing.
- Even plain text files, which may seem at first to have no rules, have many.
+ Even plain text files, which may seem at first to have no rules, have many.
Changed around line 95: The new set of restrictions in the PPS stack allow us to do the same things in m
- ****
+ ****
mitocycle.scroll
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- width 420px
+ width 420
- width 420px
+ width 420
settings.scroll
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- authors Breck Yunits
- https://twitter.com/breckyunits Breck Yunits
- baseUrl https://breckyunits.com/
- rssFeedUrl feed.xml
- editBaseUrl edit.html?fileName=
+ authors Breck Yunits
+ https://twitter.com/breckyunits Breck Yunits
+ baseUrl https://breckyunits.com/
+ rssFeedUrl feed.xml
+ editBaseUrl edit.html?fileName=
standardPost.scroll
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- footer
+ footer
couldInVitroBrainsPowerAI.scroll
Changed around line 67: I have no conclusions yet. If I tried to reach conclusions on these ideas before
+ Edit 4/5/2025. We're getting closer: Cortical Labs
+ https://corticallabs.com/ Cortical Labs
+
comics.scroll
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+ center 4/05/2025
+
+ # The Lisp Enlightenment Trap
+ comics/lispet.png
+
+ ***
+
comics/lispet.png
lispet.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ date 4/05/2025
+ tags All Programming Comics
+ title The Lisp Enlightenment Trap
+
+ singleHeader.scroll
+
+ comics/lispet.png
+
+ More Comics
+ comics.html
+
+ footer.scroll
focus.scroll
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- tags All Startups Life
+ tags All Startups Life Focus
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+ # Related Reading
+ printRelated Focus
insist-on-focus.scroll
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- tags All Startups OtherAuthor
+ tags All Startups OtherAuthor Focus
science.scroll
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- standardPost.scroll
+
+ header.scroll
+ printTitle
+ center
+ pdf | txt
+ link WhatScienceMayBe.pdf pdf
+ link science.txt txt
+ printAuthors
+ printDate
+
Changed around line 72: A number of developments have made it more feasible than ever to build this syst
+
+ footer.scroll
science.scroll
Changed around line 4: title What Science May Be
- // container 530px
+ container 530px
- thinColumns 2
+ // thinColumns 2